This HTML5 document contains 155 embedded RDF statements represented using HTML+Microdata notation.

The embedded RDF content will be recognized by any processor of HTML5 Microdata.

Namespace Prefixes

PrefixIRI
n2http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/
dctermshttp://purl.org/dc/terms/
n9http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/AHFS/
foafhttp://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
n18http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/mesh/concept/
n7http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/company/
n23http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00091/identifier/national-drug-code-directory/
n4http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/dosage/
n20http://bio2rdf.org/drugbank:
n25http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00091/identifier/chebi/
admshttp://www.w3.org/ns/adms#
n11http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic/
n12http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/patent/
n16http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/drugbank/resource/drugs/
n27http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00091/identifier/pharmgkb/
n14http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00091/identifier/wikipedia/
rdfhttp://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
n5http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/medicinal-product/
owlhttp://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
n17http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/mesh/
n3http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/drugbank/
n28http://www.drugs.com/cdi/
n24http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00091/identifier/kegg-compound/
n6http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/property/
xsdhhttp://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
n22http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00091/identifier/kegg-drug/
n21http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/atc/
n26http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00091/identifier/drugbank/
n8http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/sukl/drug/

Statements

Subject Item
n2:DB00091
rdf:type
n3:Drug
n3:description
A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. Cyclosporine is produced as a metabolite by the fungus species Cordyceps militaris. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).
n3:dosage
n4:271B4486-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4487-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4488-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4489-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B448A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B448B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B448C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B448D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B448E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B448F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:generalReferences
# Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, Gelernt I, Bauer J, Galler G, Michelassi F, Hanauer S: Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med. 1994 Jun 30;330(26):1841-5. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8196726 # Synthesis Information "Link":http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/6927208.html # "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9323029
n3:group
investigational approved
n3:halfLife
Biphasic and variable, approximately 7 hours (range 7 to 19 hours) in children and approximately 19 hours (range 10 to 27 hours) in adults.
n3:indication
For treatment of transplant (kidney, liver, and heart) rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis.
n3:manufacturer
n7:271B4460-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4461-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B445E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B445F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B445C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B445D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B445B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4466-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4464-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4465-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4462-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4463-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
owl:sameAs
n16:DB00091 n20:DB00091
dcterms:title
Cyclosporine
adms:identifier
n14:Cyclosporine n22:D00184 n23:0078-0240-15 n24:C05086 n25:4031 n26:DB00091 n27:PA449167
n3:mechanismOfAction
Cyclosporine binds to cyclophilin. The complex then inhibits calcineurin which is normally responsible for activating transcription of interleukin 2. Cyclosporine also inhibits lymphokine production and interleukin release. In ophthalmic applications, the precise mechanism of action is not known. Cyclosporine emulsion is thought to act as a partial immunomodulator in patients whose tear production is presumed to be suppressed due to ocular inflammation associated with keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
n3:packager
n7:271B443F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4454-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4455-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4452-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4453-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4458-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4459-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4456-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4457-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B444C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B444D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4448-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4449-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4450-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4451-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B444E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B444F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B445A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B444A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B444B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4442-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4443-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4440-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4441-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4446-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4447-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4444-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4445-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:patent
n12:1332150 n12:2108018 n12:5985321 n12:4839342
n3:routeOfElimination
Elimination is primarily biliary with only 6% of the dose (parent drug and metabolites) excreted in the urine. Only 0.1% of the dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug.
n3:synonym
Cyclosporin A CsA Ciclosporin CyA
n3:toxicity
The oral LD<sub>50</sub> is 2329 mg/kg in mice, 1480 mg/kg in rats, and > 1000 mg/kg in rabbits. The I.V. LD<sub>50</sub> is 148 mg/kg in mice, 104 mg/kg in rats, and 46 mg/kg in rabbits.
n3:volumeOfDistribution
The steady state volume of distribution during intravenous dosing has been reported as 3 to 5 L/kg in solid organ transplant recipients. Cyclosporine is excreted in human milk.
n8:hasAHFSCode
n9:92-00-00
n3:foodInteraction
Avoid taking with grapefruit or grapefruit juice as grapefruit can significantly increase serum levels of this product. Red wine may reduce cyclosporine levels due to increased metabolism, therefore it appears prudent to avoid red wine (white wine does not appear to affect cyclosporine metabolism). Avoid salt substitutes containing potassium. When taken with a meal, AUC and Cmax of cyclosporine modified decreased.
n3:proteinBinding
In the plasma, approximately 90% is bound to proteins, primarily lipoproteins. In blood, the distribution is concentration dependent. Approximately 33% to 47% is in plasma, 4% to 9% in lymphocytes, 5% to 12% in granulocytes, and 41% to 58% in erythrocytes.
n3:synthesisReference
Hans Dietl, "Pharmaceutical preparation containing cyclosporine(s) for intravenous administration and a process for its production." U.S. Patent US5527537, issued October, 1990.
n17:hasConcept
n18:M0025279
foaf:page
n11:cyclosporine.htm n28:cyclosporine-drops.html
n3:IUPAC-Name
n6:271B4494-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChI
n6:271B449A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Formula
n6:271B4499-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Weight
n6:271B4496-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Monoisotopic-Weight
n6:271B4497-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:SMILES
n6:271B4498-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Water-Solubility
n6:271B4492-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logP
n6:271B4490-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n6:271B4493-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logS
n6:271B4491-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n8:hasATCCode
n21:L04AD01 n21:S01XA18
n3:H-Bond-Acceptor-Count
n6:271B44A0-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:H-Bond-Donor-Count
n6:271B44A1-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChIKey
n6:271B449B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polar-Surface-Area--PSA-
n6:271B449C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polarizability
n6:271B449E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Refractivity
n6:271B449D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rotatable-Bond-Count
n6:271B449F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:absorption
The absorption of cyclosporine from the gastrointestinal tract is incomplete and variable. The extent of absorption is dependent on the individual patient, the patient population, and the formulation. The absolute bioavailability of cyclosproine administered as Sandimmune® is dependent on the patient population, estimated to be less than 10% in liver transplant patients and as great as 89% in some renal transplant patients. Compared to an intravenous infusion, the absolute bioavailability of the oral solution is approximately 30% based upon the results in 2 patients. The cyclosporine capsules and oral solution are bioequivalent. The time of peak blood concentrations (Tmax) following oral administration of cyclosporine [modified] ranged from 1.5 - 2.0 hours.
n3:affectedOrganism
Humans and other mammals
n3:caco2-Permeability
n6:271B44AB-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:casRegistryNumber
59865-13-3
n3:category
n3:clearance
Following intravenous administration, the blood clearance of cyclosporine (assay: HPLC) is approximately 5 to 7 mL/min/kg in adult recipients of renal or liver allografts. Blood cyclosporine clearance appears to be slightly slower in cardiac transplant patients. The following are clearance parameters (CL/F) for select patient populations: * 593 ± 204 mL/min [De novo renal transplant patients, 597±174 mg/day] * 492 ± 140 mL/min [Stable renal transplant patients, 344±122 mg/day] * 577 ± 309 mL/min [De novo liver transplant, 458±190 mg/day] * 613 ± 196 mL/min [De novo rheumatoid arthritis, 182±55.6 mg/day] * 723 ± 186 mL/min [De novo psoriasis, 189±69.8 mg/day] * 285 ± 94 mL/min [Stable Liver Transplant, Age 2 - 8, Dosed T.I.D 101±25 mg/day] * 378 ± 80 mL/min [Stable Liver Transplant, Age 8 - 15, Dosed B.I.D 188±55 mg/day] * 171 mL/min [Stable liver transplant, Age 3, Dosed B.I.D 120 mg/day] * 328 ± 121 mL/min [Stable liver transplant, Age 8 - 15, Dosed B.I.D 158±55 mg/day] * 418 ± 143 mL/min [Stable renal transplant, Age 7 - 15, Dosed B.I.D 328±83 mg/day]
n3:containedIn
n5:271B4469-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B446A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B447F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4480-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4475-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4476-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4483-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4484-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4481-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4482-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B446F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4470-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B446D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B446E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4473-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4474-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4471-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4472-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4485-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4479-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B447A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4477-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4478-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B447D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B447E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B447B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B447C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4467-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4468-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B446B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B446C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Bioavailability
n6:271B44A6-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Ghose-Filter
n6:271B44A8-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:MDDR-Like-Rule
n6:271B44A9-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Melting-Point
n6:271B44AA-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Number-of-Rings
n6:271B44A5-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Physiological-Charge
n6:271B44A4-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rule-of-Five
n6:271B44A7-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Traditional-IUPAC-Name
n6:271B4495-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-acidic-
n6:271B44A2-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-basic-
n6:271B44A3-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5