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Namespace Prefixes

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Statements

Subject Item
n2:DB00030
rdf:type
n3:Drug
n3:description
Insulin regular is a 51 residue peptide hormone, composed of two amino acid chains covalently linked by disulfide bonds. The structure is identical to native human insulin. Recombinant insulin is synthesized by recombinant DNA techncology. Inserting the human insulin gene into the Escherichia coli bacteria or Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces insulin for human use.
n3:dosage
n16:271B4090-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n16:271B4091-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n16:271B408C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n16:271B408D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n16:271B408E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n16:271B408F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:generalReferences
# Herrmann BL, Kasser C, Keuthage W, Huptas M, Dette H, Klute A: Comparison of insulin aspart vs. regular human insulin with or without insulin detemir concerning adipozytokines and metabolic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2013 Apr;121(4):210-3. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1334905. Epub 2013 Mar 19. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23512415
n3:group
approved experimental investigational
n3:indication
Indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
n3:manufacturer
n4:271B407F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
owl:sameAs
n15:DB00030 n26:DB00030
dcterms:title
Insulin Regular
adms:identifier
n10:DB00030 n13:5931 n17:PA164744571 n18:Insulin n19:D03230 n20:0002-8215-01 n22:C00723 n24:AY137503 n25:Q8HXV2
n3:mechanismOfAction
The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism.
n3:packager
n4:271B407B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B407C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4079-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B407A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4077-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4078-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B407D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B407E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:synonym
Insulin human
n3:toxicity
Hypoglycemia is one of the most frequent adverse events experienced by insulin users.
n3:volumeOfDistribution
0.15 L/kg
n6:hasAHFSCode
n7:68-20-08 n7:92-02-00%2A
n3:mixture
n21:271B4075-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n21:271B406F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n21:271B4076-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n21:271B4070-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n21:271B4073-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n21:271B4074-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n21:271B4071-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n21:271B4072-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:proteinBinding
5% protein bound
n3:synthesisReference
Humulin is synthesized in a special non-disease-producing laboratory strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered to produce human insulin.
foaf:page
n12:novolog.htm n23:humulin-r.html
n3:Molecular-Formula
n5:271B4096-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Weight
n5:271B4095-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:absorption
Insulin is generally well absorbed.
n3:affectedOrganism
Humans and other mammals
n3:casRegistryNumber
11061-68-0
n3:category
n3:containedIn
n8:271B4085-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4086-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4083-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4084-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4081-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4082-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4080-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B408B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4089-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B408A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4087-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n8:271B4088-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Hydrophobicity
n5:271B4093-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Isoelectric-Point
n5:271B4094-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Melting-Point
n5:271B4092-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5