"Neisseria gonorrhoeae"@en . "Streptococcus agalactiae"@en . " "@en . "For treatment of skin lesions, surface wounds and eye infections"@en . "Gramicidine"@en . "1405-97-6"@en . "Klebsiella"@en . . "Streptococcus pneumoniae"@en . . "Gramicidin C"@en . "Staphylococcus aureus"@en . "Haemophilus influenzae"@en . . "Pseudomonas aeruginosa"@en . "Neisseria meningitidis"@en . . "Gramicidin D binds to and inserts itself into bacterial membranes (with a strong preference to gram-positive cell membranes). This results in membrane disruption and permeabilization (it acts as a channel). This leads to (i) loss of intracellular solutes (e.g., K+ and amino acids); (ii) dissipation of the transmembrane potential; (iii) inhibition of respiration; (iv) a reduction in ATP pools; and (v) inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, which leads to cell death."@en . "Gramicidin A"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Gramicidin B"@en . "U.S.Patent 2,534,541."@en . "Enterobacter"@en . . "Gramicidin"@en . . . "approved"@en . . . "Escherichia coli"@en . "Gramcidin D is a heterogeneous mixture of three antibiotic compounds, gramicidins A, B and C, making up 80%, 6%, and 14% respectively all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramcidins are 15 residue peptides with alternating D and L amino acids. The peptides assemble inside of the hydrophobic interior of the cellular lipid bilayer to form a \u03B2-helix. The helix itself is not long enough to span the membrane but it dimerizes to form the elongated channel needed to span the whole membrane. Gramicidin D is used primarily as a topical antibiotic and is one of the three constituents of consumer antibiotic polysporin ophthalmic solution."@en . "Gramicidin D"@en . "# Ketchem RR, Lee KC, Huo S, Cross TA: Macromolecular structural elucidation with solid-state NMR-derived orientational constraints. J Biomol NMR. 1996 Jul;8(1):1-14. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8810522 # Townsley LE, Tucker WA, Sham S, Hinton JF: Structures of gramicidins A, B, and C incorporated into sodium dodecyl sulfate micelles. Biochemistry. 2001 Oct 2;40(39):11676-86. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11570868 # Burkhart BM, Gassman RM, Langs DA, Pangborn WA, Duax WL, Pletnev V: Gramicidin D conformation, dynamics and membrane ion transport. Biopolymers. 1999;51(2):129-44. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10397797"@en .