. . "Tsung-Yu Hsiao, Meng-Fen Ho, \"Synthesis of Glatiramer Acetate.\" U.S. Patent US20100036092, issued February 11, 2010."@en . . . . "Copolymer-1"@en . . . "Adverse reactions include injection site reactions, vasodilatation, chest pain, asthenia, infection, pain, nausea, arthralgia, anxiety, and hypertonia."@en . . "Glatiramer acetate (GA) exhibits strong and promiscuous binding to MHC molecules (HLA DRB1* variants) and consequent competition with various myelin antigens for their presentation to T cells. A further aspect of its action is potent induction of specific suppressor cells of the T helper 2 (Th2) type that migrate to the brain and lead to in situ bystander suppression. Furthermore, the GA-specific cells in the brain express the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta, in addition to brain-derived neurotrophic factor, whereas they do not express the inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma. Recent evidence also suggests that Glatiramer acetate directly inhibits dendritic cells and monocytes - both of which are circulating antigen presenting cells."@en . . . "Copoylmer 1"@en . . . " "@en . . . . . . . "COP-1"@en . . . "investigational"@en . . "Glatiramer Acetate"@en . . . . "For reduction of the frequency of relapses in patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis."@en . "Glatiramer acetate consists of the acetate salts of synthetic polypeptides, containing four naturally occurring amino acids: L-glutamic acid, L-alanine, L-tyrosine, and L-lysine with an average molar fraction of 0.141, 0.427, 0.095, and 0.338, respectively. The average molecular weight of glatiramer acetate is 5,000-9,000 daltons. It is an immunomodulator, licensed in much of the world for reduced frequency of relapses in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis"@en . "# Weber MS, Hohlfeld R, Zamvil SS: Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in treatment of multiple sclerosis. Neurotherapeutics. 2007 Oct;4(4):647-53. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17920545 # Arnon R, Aharoni R: Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis and its potential for the development of new applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Oct 5;101 Suppl 2:14593-8. Epub 2004 Sep 15. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15371592 # Francis DA: Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone). Int J Clin Pract. 2001 Jul-Aug;55(6):394-8. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11501229 # Li Q, Milo R, Panitch H, Swoveland P, Bever CT Jr: Glatiramer acetate blocks the activation of THP-1 cells by interferon-gamma. Eur J Pharmacol. 1998 Jan 26;342(2-3):303-10. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9548401"@en . "147245-92-9"@en . "approved"@en . "Humans and other mammals"@en .