. . . . . . "3416-24-8"@en . . "D-Glucosamine"@en . "Glucosamine is usually used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, although its efficacy is still in question."@en . . . "Yuichi Yamamura, Ichiro Azuma, Shigeru Kobayashi, \"Glucosamine peptide derivatives, their production and use.\" U.S. Patent US4369178, issued July, 1978."@en . . . . . "Chitosamine"@en . . . "Glucosamine is commonly used as a treatment for osteoarthritis, although its acceptance as a medical therapy varies. It is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Adverse effects are generally mild: itching, diarrhea, heartburn, nausea and vomiting."@en . . "Humans and other mammals"@en . . . . . "Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Oral glucosamine is commonly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Since glucosamine is a precursor for glycosaminoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans are a major component of joint cartilage, supplemental glucosamine may help to rebuild cartilage and treat arthritis. Its use as a therapy for osteoarthritis appears safe, but there is conflicting evidence as to its effectiveness with more recent studies showing limited to no clinical benefit of use. In the United States, glucosamine is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration for medical use in humans. Since glucosamine is classified as a dietary supplement, safety and formulation are solely the responsibility of the manufacturer; evidence of safety and efficacy is not required as long as it is not advertised as a treatment for a medical condition."@en . "approved"@en . . . . . . . . "# Towheed TE, Maxwell L, Anastassiades TP, Shea B, Houpt J, Robinson V, Hochberg MC, Wells G: Glucosamine therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD002946. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846645 # Roseman S: Reflections on glycobiology. J Biol Chem. 2001 Nov 9;276(45):41527-42. Epub 2001 Sep 11. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11553646 # GHOSH S, BLUMENTHAL HJ, DAVIDSON E, ROSEMAN S: Glucosamine metabolism. V. Enzymatic synthesis of glucosamine 6-phosphate. J Biol Chem. 1960 May;235:1265-73. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13827775 # Buse MG: Hexosamines, insulin resistance, and the complications of diabetes: current status. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jan;290(1):E1-E8. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16339923 # Laverty S, Sandy JD, Celeste C, Vachon P, Marier JF, Plaas AH: Synovial fluid levels and serum pharmacokinetics in a large animal model following treatment with oral glucosamine at clinically relevant doses. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Jan;52(1):181-91. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15641100 # Lexicomp [Internet]. Glucosamine (Natural Products Database). 2014. Available from: http://online.lexi.com.login.ezproxy.library.ualberta.ca/lco/action/doc/retrieve/docid/fc_rnp2/3750166#"@en . . . . "Glucosamine"@en . . . . "2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose"@en . . . .