. . . . . . . . . . . . . "# Niewerth M, Kunze D, Seibold M, Schaller M, Korting HC, Hube B: Ciclopirox olamine treatment affects the expression pattern of Candida albicans genes encoding virulence factors, iron metabolism proteins, and drug resistance factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003 Jun;47(6):1805-17. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12760852 # Sigle HC, Thewes S, Niewerth M, Korting HC, Schafer-Korting M, Hube B: Oxygen accessibility and iron levels are critical factors for the antifungal action of ciclopirox against Candida albicans. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005 May;55(5):663-73. Epub 2005 Mar 24. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15790671"@en . . . . . . "approved"@en . " "@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Lohaus, G.and Dittmar, W.; U.S. Patents 3,972,888; August 3, 1976; and 3,883,545; May 13, 1975; both assigned to Hoechst A .G."@en . . . "6-Cyclohexyl-1-hydroxy-4-methyl-2(1H)-pyridinone"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Ciclopiroxum"@en . "Yeast and other fungi"@en . "Most of the compound is excreted either unchanged or as glucuronide. After oral administration of 10 mg of radiolabeled drug (14C-ciclopirox) to healthy volunteers, approximately 96% of the radioactivity was excreted renally within 12 hours of administration. Ninety-four percent of the renally excreted radioactivity was in the form of glucuronides."@en . . . . . . . . . . "Unlike antifungals such as itraconazole and terbinafine, which affect sterol synthesis, ciclopirox is thought to act through the chelation of polyvalent metal cations, such as Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺. These cations inhibit many enzymes, including cytochromes, thus disrupting cellular activities such as mitochondrial electron transport processes and energy production. Ciclopirox also appears to modify the plasma membrane of fungi, resulting in the disorganization of internal structures. The anti-inflammatory action of ciclopirox is most likely due to inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase. ciclopirox may exert its effect by disrupting DNA repair, cell division signals and structures (mitotic spindles) as well as some elements of intracellular transport. "@en . . . . . . "29342-05-0"@en . . . . "Oral LD₅₀ in rat is >10 ml/kg. Symptoms of overexposure include drowsiness and headache."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "Rapidly absorbed after oral administration. Mean absorption of ciclopirox after application to nails of all twenty digits and adjacent 5 millimeters of skin once daily for 6 months in patients with dermatophytic onychomycoses was less than 5% of the applied dose. Ciclopirox olamine also penetrates into hair and through the epidermis and hair follicles into sebaceous glands and dermis."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "investigational"@en . . . "Protein binding is 94-97% following topical administration."@en . . "Ciclopirox"@en . . . . . "Ciclopirox olamine (used in preparations called Batrafen, Loprox, Mycoster, Penlac and Stieprox) is a synthetic antifungal agent for topical dermatologic treatment of superficial mycoses. It is most useful against Tinea versicolor. [Wikipedia]"@en . . "1.7 hours for 1% topical solution."@en . "Used as a topical treatment in immunocompetent patients with mild to moderate onychomycosis of fingernails and toenails without lunula involvement, due to Trichophyton rubrum."@en . . "Humans and other mammals"@en . . .