. . . . . . . . . . . . . "About 10% of the nicotine absorbed is excreted unchanged in the urine."@en . . . . . "(RS)-nicotine"@en . . . . "# Nolley EP, Kelley BM: Adolescent reward system perseveration due to nicotine: studies with methylphenidate. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2007 Jan-Feb;29(1):47-56. Epub 2006 Oct 4. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17129706 # de Leon J, Tracy J, McCann E, McGrory A, Diaz FJ: Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking: a replication study in another US psychiatric hospital. Schizophr Res. 2002 Jul 1;56(1-2):55-65. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12084420 # de Leon J, Dadvand M, Canuso C, White AO, Stanilla JK, Simpson GM: Schizophrenia and smoking: an epidemiological survey in a state hospital. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Mar;152(3):453-5. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7864277 # Aguilar MC, Gurpegui M, Diaz FJ, de Leon J: Nicotine dependence and symptoms in schizophrenia: naturalistic study of complex interactions. Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;186:215-21. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15738502"@en . . . . . . . . "Absorption of nicotine through the buccal mucosa is relatively slow and the high and rapid rise followed by the decline in nicotine arterial plasma concentrations seen with cigarette smoking are not achieved with the inhaler. About 10% of absorbed nicotine is excreted unchanged in urine."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " "@en . "Charles G. Chavdarian, Edward B. Sanders, \"Process for the preparation of optically active nicotine analogs.\" U.S. Patent US4321387, issued September, 1959."@en . . "Less than 5%"@en . . . "Symptoms of overdose include nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, flushing, dizziness, disturbed hearing and vision, confusion, weakness, palpitations, altered respiration and hypotension. LD₅₀= 24 mg/kg (orally in mice)."@en . . . "For the relief of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and as an aid to smoking cessation."@en . "(+-)-Nicotine"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "approved"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . "Nicotin"@en . . . . . . . . "Nicotine is highly toxic alkaloid. It is the prototypical agonist at nicotinic cholinergic receptors where it dramatically stimulates neurons and ultimately blocks synaptic transmission. Nicotine is also important medically because of its presence in tobacco smoke. [PubChem]"@en . . . . . "* 1.2 L/min [healthy adult smoker]"@en . . "Nicotine"@en . . "(\u00B1)-nicotine"@en . "54-11-5"@en . . . . "Cotinine has a half life of 15-20 hours, while nicotine has a half life of 1-3 hours"@en . . . . . "Nicotine is a stimulant drug that acts as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. These are ionotropic receptors composed up of five homomeric or heteromeric subunits. In the brain, nicotine binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on dopaminergic neurons in the cortico-limbic pathways. This causes the channel to open and allow conductance of multiple cations including sodium, calcium, and potassium. This leads to depolarization, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels and allows more calcium to enter the axon terminal. Calcium stimulates vesicle trafficking towards the plasma membrane and the release of dopamine into the synapse. Dopamine binding to its receptors is responsible the euphoric and addictive properties of nicotine. Nicotine also binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. Binding opens the ion channel allowing influx of sodium, causing depolarization of the cell, which activates voltage-gated calcium channels. Calcium triggers the release of epinephrine from intracellular vesicles into the bloodstream, which causes vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, and increased blood sugar."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "(+-)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine"@en . . . . . . "Humans and other mammals"@en . . "(R,S)-nicotine"@en . . . "Nikotin"@en . . . . . . "* 2 to 3 L/kg"@en . . . . . . .