. . "Humans and other mammals"@en . "alpha-Liponsaeure"@en . "5-[3-(1,2-dithiolanyl)]pentanoic acid"@en . . . . . . . "Acetate-replacing factor"@en . . "approved"@en . . . . "Joachim Paust, Peter Eckes, Wolfgang Siegel, Friedhelm Balkenhohl, Walter Dobler, Michael Hullmann, \"Preparation of R/S-.gamma.-lipoic acid or R/S-.alpha.-lipoic acid.\" U.S. Patent US5489694, issued July, 1961."@en . "Lipoic Acid is generally involved in oxidative decarboxylations of keto acids and is presented as a growth factor for some organisms. Lipoic acid exists as two enantiomers, the R-enantiomer and the S-enantiomer. Normally only the R-enantiomer of an amino acid is biologically active, but for lipoic acid the S-enantiomer assists in the reduction of the R-enantiomer when a racemic mixture is given. Some recent studies have suggested that the S-enantiomer in fact has an inhibiting effect on the R-enantiomer, reducing its biological activity substantially and actually adding to oxidative stress rather than reducing it. Furthermore, the S-enantiomer has been found to reduce the expression of GLUT-4s in cells, responsible for glucose uptake, and hence reduce insulin sensitivity."@en . . . "\u03B1-lipoic acid"@en . "5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)valeric acid"@en . . "# Perham RN: Swinging arms and swinging domains in multifunctional enzymes: catalytic machines for multistep reactions. Annu Rev Biochem. 2000;69:961-1004. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966480 # REED LJ, DeBUSK BG, GUNSALUS IC, HORNBERGER CS Jr: Crystalline alpha-lipoic acid; a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase. Science. 1951 Jul 27;114(2952):93-4. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14854913"@en . . . . "nutraceutical"@en . . "6-thioctic acid"@en . "Lipoic acid"@en . "5-(dithiolan-3-yl)valeric acid"@en . . . . . . . "6,8-thioctic acid"@en . . "Lipoic Acid"@en . . . . " "@en . . . "6-thiotic acid"@en . . . "1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanoic acid"@en . "Thioctsaeure"@en . . . . . . . . "62-46-4"@en . "Thioctic acid"@en . "For nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance."@en . . . . "1,2-dithiolane-3-valeric acid"@en . "Thioktsaeure"@en . . . "Biletan"@en . "alpha-Lipoic acid"@en . "A vitamin-like antioxidant. [PubChem]"@en . "liponic acid"@en . . . "6,8-thiotic acid"@en . . "Thioctansaeure"@en . . .