. . . . . . . "Absorbed mainly from duodenum, by both active and passive processes"@en . . . . . "# Slater PV: Multi-level preparation for nursing impact on nursing practice. Aust Nurses J. 1978 Jun;7(11):40-3. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/249270 # Kopriva V, Bilkovic R, Licko T: [Tumours of the small intestine (author's transl)] Cesk Gastroenterol Vyz. 1977 Dec;31(8):549-53. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/603941 # Beissel J: [The role of right catheterization in valvular prosthesis surveillance (author's transl)] Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). 1977 Dec;26(6):587-9. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/606152 # Lonsdale D, Shamberger RJ, Audhya T: Treatment of autism spectrum children with thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide: a pilot study. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Aug;23(4):303-8. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12195231 # Lonsdale D: A review of the biochemistry, metabolism and clinical benefits of thiamin(e) and its derivatives. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006 Mar;3(1):49-59. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16550223"@en . . . . . "Vitamin B1"@en . "Thiamine or thiamin, also known as vitamin B1, is a colorless compound with the chemical formula C12H17N4OS. It is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol. Thiamine decomposes if heated. Thiamine was first discovered by Umetaro Suzuki in Japan when researching how rice bran cured patients of Beriberi. Thiamine plays a key role in intracellular glucose metabolism and it is thought that thiamine inhibits the effect of glucose and insulin on arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thiamine plays an important role in helping the body convert carbohydrates and fat into energy. It is essential for normal growth and development and helps to maintain proper functioning of the heart and the nervous and digestive systems. Thiamine cannot be stored in the body; however, once absorbed, the vitamin is concentrated in muscle tissue."@en . . . . . . "Thiamine"@en . . . "nutraceutical"@en . . . . . . "3-(4-AMINO-2-methyl-pyrimidin-5-ylmethyl)-5-(2-hydroxy-ethyl)-4-methyl-thiazol-3-ium"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "For the treatment of thiamine and niacin deficiency states, Korsakov's alcoholic psychosis, Wernicke-Korsakov syndrome, delirium, and peripheral neuritis."@en . "59-43-8"@en . . . . . . "Nobuyuki Kitamori, Masaya Maeno, Seiji Izuhara, \"Granules of thiamine salt and the production thereof.\" U.S. Patent US4702919, issued July, 1974."@en . . . . . . . . " "@en . . . . . . . "approved"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "thiamine(1+) ion"@en . . . . . . . . . . "90-94%"@en . "Antiberiberi factor"@en . . . . "Thiamine toxicity is uncommon; as excesses are readily excreted, although long-term supplementation of amounts larger than 3 gram have been known to cause toxicity. Oral mouse LD₅₀ = 8224 mg/kg, oral rat LD₅₀ = 3710 mg/kg."@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " "@en . . . "Thiamine"@en . . . "thiamine(1+)"@en . . . . . "Thiamin"@en . . . . "Humans and other mammals"@en . "Aneurin"@en . "thiaminium"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . "It is thought that the mechanism of action of thiamine on endothelial cells is related to a reduction in intracellular protein glycation by redirecting the glycolytic flux. Thiamine is mainly the transport form of the vitamin, while the active forms are phosphorylated thiamine derivatives. There are five known natural thiamine phosphate derivatives: thiamine monophosphate (ThMP), thiamine diphosphate (ThDP), also sometimes called thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), thiamine triphosphate (ThTP), and the recently discovered adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP), and adenosine thiamine diphosphate. Each derivative has unique functions, however, most are involved as coenzymes."@en . . . . .