"RIV/65269705:_____/11:#0001505" . "RIV/65269705:_____/11:#0001505!RIV12-MZ0-65269705" . . "192487" . "HIV byl poprv\u00E9 identifikov\u00E1n v roce 1983 v Pasteurov\u011B institutu v Pa\u0159\u00ED\u017Ei a syndrom z\u00EDskan\u00E9ho imunodeficitu (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome \u2013 AIDS) se stal nosologickou jednotkou s p\u0159esn\u011B definovanou etiologi\u00ED. V sou\u010Dasn\u00E9 dob\u011B jsou akceptov\u00E1ny t\u0159i mo\u017En\u00E9 zp\u016Fsoby p\u0159enosu HIV \u2013 sexu\u00E1ln\u011B, parenter\u00E1ln\u011B a vertik\u00E1ln\u011B. Celosv\u011Btov\u011B je hlavn\u00ED cestou \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED infekce nechr\u00E1n\u011Bn\u00FD sexu\u00E1ln\u00ED styk s HIV-pozitivn\u00EDm partnerem. Parenter\u00E1ln\u00ED zp\u016Fsob p\u0159enosu je nejrizikov\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED pro intraven\u00F3zn\u00ED u\u017Eivatele drog (IUD). Vertik\u00E1ln\u00ED p\u0159enos z HIV-pozitivn\u00ED matky na d\u00EDt\u011B je d\u00EDky antiretrovirov\u00E9 terapii ve vysp\u011Bl\u00FDch zem\u00EDch ji\u017E v\u00FDjime\u010Dn\u00FD. Podle statistick\u00FDch \u00FAdaj\u016F Sv\u011Btov\u00E9 zdravotnick\u00E9 organizace \u017Eilo na konci roku 2009 na sv\u011Bt\u011B celkem 31,4 \u2013 35,3 milion\u016F lid\u00ED s infekc\u00ED HIV, z toho asi 3 miliony d\u011Bt\u00ED mlad\u0161\u00EDch ne\u017E 15 let. Po\u010Dty re\u00E1ln\u011B infikovan\u00FDch jsou zcela jist\u011B daleko vy\u0161\u0161\u00ED. Ji\u017E od za\u010D\u00E1tku pandemie HIV je z\u0159ejm\u00E1 souvislost mezi u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00EDm n\u00E1vykov\u00FDch l\u00E1tek a HIV. Nejobvyklej\u0161\u00EDm zp\u016Fsobem p\u0159enosu HIV infekce u IUD je intraven\u00F3zn\u00ED p\u0159enos p\u0159i aplikaci heroinu nebo jin\u00FDch l\u00E1tek. Dnes ji\u017E m\u00E1me k dispozici mnoho relevantn\u00EDch d\u016Fkaz\u016F o prosp\u011B\u0161nosti a efektivnosti substitu\u010Dn\u00ED terapie opi\u00E1tov\u00E9 z\u00E1vislosti a o jej\u00EDm p\u0159\u00EDnosu v prim\u00E1rn\u00ED i sekund\u00E1rn\u00ED prevenci HIV. Psychostimulancia (kokain, metamfetamin a dal\u0161\u00ED) jsou z hlediska \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED HIV infekce spojena s rizikov\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm sexu\u00E1ln\u00EDm chov\u00E1n\u00EDm. Nem\u00E9n\u011B z\u00E1va\u017En\u00E1 je v souvislosti s HIV tak\u00E9 alkoholov\u00E1 z\u00E1vislost. Obecn\u011B n\u00E1vykov\u00E9 l\u00E1tky i alkoholov\u00E1 z\u00E1vislost vedou k podstatn\u011B hor\u0161\u00ED spolupr\u00E1ci pacienta s l\u00E9ka\u0159em, mal\u00E9 adherenci k l\u00E9\u010Db\u011B, v\u010Detn\u011B l\u00E9\u010Dby HIV, k rizikov\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmu chov\u00E1n\u00ED, ni\u017E\u0161\u00ED \u00FAsp\u011B\u0161nosti antiretrovirov\u00E9 l\u00E9\u010Dby, k rychlej\u0161\u00ED progresi chronick\u00FDch nemoc\u00ED v\u010Detn\u011B onemocn\u011Bn\u00ED jater a\u0165 u\u017E v d\u016Fsledku toxick\u00E9ho \u00FA\u010Dinku samotn\u00E9ho alkoholu, \u010Di sou\u010Dasn\u00E9 koinfekce HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) nebo HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV)." . . . "Povoln\u00E1 Havl\u00ED\u010Dkov\u00E1, Kate\u0159ina" . . . . "Current features of the HIV pandemic"@cs . "Husa, Petr" . . "CZ - \u010Cesk\u00E1 republika" . . "Current features of the HIV pandemic" . "Aktu\u00E1ln\u00ED rysy pandemie HIV"@en . . . "[5917B6BAF787]" . . "Aktu\u00E1ln\u00ED rysy pandemie HIV"@en . "6"^^ . "I" . . "Adiktologie" . "1213-3841" . . . "HIV"@en . . "11" . . "Three possible transmission modes of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are currently accepted: sexual, parenteral, and vertical. Globally, the main route of transmission is unprotected sexual intercourse with an HIV-positive partner. Parenteral transmission poses the highest risk for intravenous drug users (lUDs). Thanks to antiretroviral therapy, vertical mother-to-child transmission has become exceptional in developed countries. According to the statistics of the World Health Organisation, there were a totalof31.4-35.3 million HIV-infected people living in the world at the end of 2009, including approximately 3 mi/lion children under 15 years of age. The numbers of those actually infected are certain to be much higher. A link between the use of addictive substances and HIVhas been evident since the beginning of the HIV pandemic. The intravenous administration of heroin is the most common mode of transmission of HIV infection among injecting drug users. Today we have a lot of relevant evidence of the usefulness and effectiveness of opioid substitution therapy and its contribution to primary and secondary HIV prevention. The spread of HIV infection associated with non- -injected stimulants (cocaine, methamphetamine, etc.) involves high-risk behaviour. Alcohol abuse appears to be no less serious in relationship to HIV. Generally, addictive substances and alcohol abuse lead to significantly poorer patient-physician cooperation, low levels of adherence to treatment, includingHIV treatment, riskier behaviour, a lower rate of success of antiretroviral therapy, and the rapid progression of chronic diseases as a result of the toxic effect of alcohol or the HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) or HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV) co-infections"@en . "3" . "Pol\u00E1k, Pavel" . "Current features of the HIV pandemic" . "Snopkov\u00E1, Svatava" . "HIV byl poprv\u00E9 identifikov\u00E1n v roce 1983 v Pasteurov\u011B institutu v Pa\u0159\u00ED\u017Ei a syndrom z\u00EDskan\u00E9ho imunodeficitu (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome \u2013 AIDS) se stal nosologickou jednotkou s p\u0159esn\u011B definovanou etiologi\u00ED. V sou\u010Dasn\u00E9 dob\u011B jsou akceptov\u00E1ny t\u0159i mo\u017En\u00E9 zp\u016Fsoby p\u0159enosu HIV \u2013 sexu\u00E1ln\u011B, parenter\u00E1ln\u011B a vertik\u00E1ln\u011B. Celosv\u011Btov\u011B je hlavn\u00ED cestou \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED infekce nechr\u00E1n\u011Bn\u00FD sexu\u00E1ln\u00ED styk s HIV-pozitivn\u00EDm partnerem. Parenter\u00E1ln\u00ED zp\u016Fsob p\u0159enosu je nejrizikov\u011Bj\u0161\u00ED pro intraven\u00F3zn\u00ED u\u017Eivatele drog (IUD). Vertik\u00E1ln\u00ED p\u0159enos z HIV-pozitivn\u00ED matky na d\u00EDt\u011B je d\u00EDky antiretrovirov\u00E9 terapii ve vysp\u011Bl\u00FDch zem\u00EDch ji\u017E v\u00FDjime\u010Dn\u00FD. Podle statistick\u00FDch \u00FAdaj\u016F Sv\u011Btov\u00E9 zdravotnick\u00E9 organizace \u017Eilo na konci roku 2009 na sv\u011Bt\u011B celkem 31,4 \u2013 35,3 milion\u016F lid\u00ED s infekc\u00ED HIV, z toho asi 3 miliony d\u011Bt\u00ED mlad\u0161\u00EDch ne\u017E 15 let. Po\u010Dty re\u00E1ln\u011B infikovan\u00FDch jsou zcela jist\u011B daleko vy\u0161\u0161\u00ED. Ji\u017E od za\u010D\u00E1tku pandemie HIV je z\u0159ejm\u00E1 souvislost mezi u\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1n\u00EDm n\u00E1vykov\u00FDch l\u00E1tek a HIV. Nejobvyklej\u0161\u00EDm zp\u016Fsobem p\u0159enosu HIV infekce u IUD je intraven\u00F3zn\u00ED p\u0159enos p\u0159i aplikaci heroinu nebo jin\u00FDch l\u00E1tek. Dnes ji\u017E m\u00E1me k dispozici mnoho relevantn\u00EDch d\u016Fkaz\u016F o prosp\u011B\u0161nosti a efektivnosti substitu\u010Dn\u00ED terapie opi\u00E1tov\u00E9 z\u00E1vislosti a o jej\u00EDm p\u0159\u00EDnosu v prim\u00E1rn\u00ED i sekund\u00E1rn\u00ED prevenci HIV. Psychostimulancia (kokain, metamfetamin a dal\u0161\u00ED) jsou z hlediska \u0161\u00ED\u0159en\u00ED HIV infekce spojena s rizikov\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDm sexu\u00E1ln\u00EDm chov\u00E1n\u00EDm. Nem\u00E9n\u011B z\u00E1va\u017En\u00E1 je v souvislosti s HIV tak\u00E9 alkoholov\u00E1 z\u00E1vislost. Obecn\u011B n\u00E1vykov\u00E9 l\u00E1tky i alkoholov\u00E1 z\u00E1vislost vedou k podstatn\u011B hor\u0161\u00ED spolupr\u00E1ci pacienta s l\u00E9ka\u0159em, mal\u00E9 adherenci k l\u00E9\u010Db\u011B, v\u010Detn\u011B l\u00E9\u010Dby HIV, k rizikov\u011Bj\u0161\u00EDmu chov\u00E1n\u00ED, ni\u017E\u0161\u00ED \u00FAsp\u011B\u0161nosti antiretrovirov\u00E9 l\u00E9\u010Dby, k rychlej\u0161\u00ED progresi chronick\u00FDch nemoc\u00ED v\u010Detn\u011B onemocn\u011Bn\u00ED jater a\u0165 u\u017E v d\u016Fsledku toxick\u00E9ho \u00FA\u010Dinku samotn\u00E9ho alkoholu, \u010Di sou\u010Dasn\u00E9 koinfekce HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) nebo HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV)."@cs . "4"^^ . "Current features of the HIV pandemic"@cs . "4"^^ .