"Shorohova, Ekaterina" . . "Boreal forest, Climate change, Dead wood, Disturbance dynamics, Ecosystem services, Fire regime, Forest management, Habitat loss, Monitoring, Reference ecosystems"@en . . "Challenges of ecological restoration: Lessons from forests in northern Europe"@en . "Old\u00E9n, Anna" . . "Challenges of ecological restoration: Lessons from forests in northern Europe" . "Vanha-Majamaa, Ilkka" . "1"^^ . "Mazziotta, Adriano" . "Brumelis, Guntis" . . "Zin, Ewa" . . "Komonen, Atte" . "Eriksson, Anna-Maria" . "Challenges of ecological restoration: Lessons from forests in northern Europe"@en . . "64883" . "Kouki, Jari" . "I" . "Hannon, Gina" . "Challenges of ecological restoration: Lessons from forests in northern Europe" . . . "Wallenius, Tuomo" . . "9"^^ . "RIV/60460709:41320/13:61503!RIV14-MSM-41320___" . "167" . "Allen, Katherine A." . "[8BCB682DD7A0]" . "RIV/60460709:41320/13:61503" . . "Hyv\u00E4rinen, Esko" . . . . "Ylisirni\u00F6, Anna-Liisa" . . "30"^^ . . "Kareksela, Santtu" . . "Clear, Jennifer L." . "M\u00F6nkk\u00F6nen, Mikko" . "Kuuluvainen, Timo" . . "Ikauniece, Sandra" . . "Strange, Niels" . "Junninen, Kaisa" . . "S" . "0006-3207" . "GB - Spojen\u00E9 kr\u00E1lovstv\u00ED Velk\u00E9 Brit\u00E1nie a Severn\u00EDho Irska" . "Biological Conservation" . . "Halme, Panu" . "Bradshaw, Richard H. W." . "Ir\u0161enaite, Reda" . "Toivanen, Tero" . . "Nyholm, Kristiina" . "Aunin\u0161, Ainars" . "Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar" . "The alarming rate of ecosystem degradation has raised the need for ecological restoration throughout different biomes and continents. North European forests may appear as one of the least vulnerable ecosystems from a global perspective, since forest cover is not rapidly decreasing and many ecosystem services remain at high level. However, extensive areas of northern forests are heavily exploited and have lost a major part of their biodiversity value. There is a strong requirement to restore these areas towards a more natural condition in order to meet the targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Several northern countries are now taking up this challenge by restoring forest biodiversity with increasing intensity. The ecology and biodiversity of boreal forests are relatively well understood making them a good model for restoration activities in many other forest ecosystems. Here we introduce northern forests as an ecosystem, discuss the historical and recent human impact and provide"@en . "Kotiaho, Janne S." . "\u010Cada, Vojt\u011Bch" . "000328804300028" . "The alarming rate of ecosystem degradation has raised the need for ecological restoration throughout different biomes and continents. North European forests may appear as one of the least vulnerable ecosystems from a global perspective, since forest cover is not rapidly decreasing and many ecosystem services remain at high level. However, extensive areas of northern forests are heavily exploited and have lost a major part of their biodiversity value. There is a strong requirement to restore these areas towards a more natural condition in order to meet the targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Several northern countries are now taking up this challenge by restoring forest biodiversity with increasing intensity. The ecology and biodiversity of boreal forests are relatively well understood making them a good model for restoration activities in many other forest ecosystems. Here we introduce northern forests as an ecosystem, discuss the historical and recent human impact and provide" . "41320" . .