. . . . "Odolnost odr\u016Fd k p\u016Fvodc\u016Fm chorob je geneticky podm\u00EDn\u011Bn\u00FD znak. Jak se tedy m\u016F\u017Ee tato hospod\u00E1\u0159sky v\u00FDznamn\u00E1 vlastnost ztr\u00E1cet? Chorobu vyvol\u00E1v\u00E1 specifick\u00FD mikroorganismus (patogen) a odpov\u011B\u010F na na\u0161i ot\u00E1zku je t\u0159eba hledat pr\u00E1v\u011B na jeho stran\u011B. Ka\u017Ed\u00FD organismus v\u010Detn\u011B hostitel\u016F a jejich patogen\u016F podl\u00E9h\u00E1 v\u00FDvoji (mikroevoluci). V d\u016Fsledku dlouhodob\u00E9 koevoluce mezi rostlinami a jejich patogeny se na stran\u011B hostitel\u016F (rostlin) vytvo\u0159ily mechanismy br\u00E1n\u00EDc\u00ED rostlinu p\u0159ed napaden\u00EDm ur\u010Dit\u00FDm patogenem, tedy geny odolnosti. Ty jsou vyu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1ny k vy\u0161lecht\u011Bn\u00ED odoln\u00FDch odr\u016Fd. V d\u016Fsledku evoluce se v\u0161ak na stran\u011B patogenu vytv\u00E1\u0159ej\u00ED mechanismy umo\u017E\u0148uj\u00EDc\u00ED patogenu z\u00EDskat v\u00FD\u017Eivu, tedy napadat i odr\u016Fdy nesouc\u00ED geny odolnosti, a to d\u00EDky vzniku gen\u016F virulence. V d\u016Fsledku p\u016Fsoben\u00ED evolu\u010Dn\u00EDch sil doch\u00E1z\u00ED ke zvy\u0161ov\u00E1n\u00ED \u010Detnosti virulentn\u00EDch jedinc\u016F v populaci patogenu a \u00FAm\u011Brn\u011B s t\u00EDm i k napaden\u00ED odr\u016Fd s dan\u00FDm genem odolnosti. Tak doch\u00E1z\u00ED ke \u201Eztr\u00E1t\u011B\u201C odolnosti odr\u016Fd. Pro efektivn\u00ED vyu\u017Eit\u00ED odolnosti odr\u016Fd lze uv\u00E9st n\u00E1sledn\u00E1 doporu\u010Den\u00ED: 1) p\u011Bstovat odr\u016Fdy s \u00FA\u010Dinnou odolnost\u00ED k dan\u00E9mu patogenu (vedle ochrany samotn\u00FDch odoln\u00FDch odr\u016Fd se t\u00EDm zamez\u00ED tvorb\u011B spor, kter\u00E9 by mohly zp\u016Fsobit napaden\u00ED ostatn\u00EDch p\u011Bstovan\u00FDch odr\u016Fd), 2) vyu\u017E\u00EDvat aktu\u00E1ln\u00ED informace o odolnosti odr\u016Fd (evoluce patogenu m\u016F\u017Ee prob\u00EDhat velmi rychle a star\u0161\u00ED \u00FAdaje o odolnosti odr\u016Fd mohou b\u00FDt neaktu\u00E1ln\u00ED), 3) vyvarovat se nadm\u011Brn\u00E9ho p\u011Bstov\u00E1n\u00ED odr\u016Fd se stejn\u00FDm genetick\u00FDm z\u00E1kladem odolnosti k p\u016Fvodci p\u0159\u00EDslu\u0161n\u00E9 choroby (s v\u00FDjimkou genu mlo; odr\u016Fdy s t\u00EDmto genem se mohou p\u011Bstovat bez omezen\u00ED)."@cs . "336664" . "barley cultivars; lose of resistance; plant diseases"@en . "17" . "Dreiseitl, Anton\u00EDn" . "Z(MSM2532885901)" . . . . "Obiln\u00E1\u0159sk\u00E9 listy" . . . . "CZ - \u010Cesk\u00E1 republika" . "Pro\u010D odr\u016Fdy ztr\u00E1cej\u00ED odolnost k chorob\u00E1m?" . . . "RIV/25328859:_____/09:#0000627!RIV12-MSM-25328859" . "3" . "Pro\u010D odr\u016Fdy ztr\u00E1cej\u00ED odolnost k chorob\u00E1m?"@cs . . "Pro\u010D odr\u016Fdy ztr\u00E1cej\u00ED odolnost k chorob\u00E1m?" . "Pro\u010D odr\u016Fdy ztr\u00E1cej\u00ED odolnost k chorob\u00E1m?"@cs . "The resistance of cultivars to disease causal agents is a genetically determined character. How can the economically important property lose then? The disease is induced by a specific microorganism (pathogen) and the answer to our question must primarily be sought on its side. Every organism, including hosts and their pathogens, is subjected to development (micro-evolution). Due to long-term coevolution between plants and their pathogens, mechanisms protecting the plant against infection by a certain pathogen, i.e. resistance genes, have generated on the side of hosts (plants). These are employed in breeding resistant cultivars. However, due to evolution, on the side of the pathogen, mechanisms emerge that enable the pathogen to obtain nutrition, it means to attack even cultivars possessing resistance genes thanks to the emergence of virulence genes. As a result of acting evolutionary forces, the frequency of virulence individuals in the pathogen population as well as infection of cultivars with a certain resistance gene increase. Thus, cultivars \u201Close\u201D their resistance. To effectively exploit resistance of cultivars, the recommendations are as follows: 1) to grow cultivars with effective resistance to the given pathogen (beside protecting resistant cultivars, spores that could induce infection of the other grown cultivars are prevented to develop), 2) to use current information about resistance of cultivars (the pathogen evolution can be very fast and old data on cultivar resistance can be out-of-date), 3) to avoid excessive growing cultivars with the same genetic background of resistance to the pathogen of the corresponding disease (except the gene mlo; growing cultivars with this gene is not restricted)."@en . "Why do cultivars lose resistance to diseases?"@en . "RIV/25328859:_____/09:#0000627" . "[974CAF5A17CB]" . "Odolnost odr\u016Fd k p\u016Fvodc\u016Fm chorob je geneticky podm\u00EDn\u011Bn\u00FD znak. Jak se tedy m\u016F\u017Ee tato hospod\u00E1\u0159sky v\u00FDznamn\u00E1 vlastnost ztr\u00E1cet? Chorobu vyvol\u00E1v\u00E1 specifick\u00FD mikroorganismus (patogen) a odpov\u011B\u010F na na\u0161i ot\u00E1zku je t\u0159eba hledat pr\u00E1v\u011B na jeho stran\u011B. Ka\u017Ed\u00FD organismus v\u010Detn\u011B hostitel\u016F a jejich patogen\u016F podl\u00E9h\u00E1 v\u00FDvoji (mikroevoluci). V d\u016Fsledku dlouhodob\u00E9 koevoluce mezi rostlinami a jejich patogeny se na stran\u011B hostitel\u016F (rostlin) vytvo\u0159ily mechanismy br\u00E1n\u00EDc\u00ED rostlinu p\u0159ed napaden\u00EDm ur\u010Dit\u00FDm patogenem, tedy geny odolnosti. Ty jsou vyu\u017E\u00EDv\u00E1ny k vy\u0161lecht\u011Bn\u00ED odoln\u00FDch odr\u016Fd. V d\u016Fsledku evoluce se v\u0161ak na stran\u011B patogenu vytv\u00E1\u0159ej\u00ED mechanismy umo\u017E\u0148uj\u00EDc\u00ED patogenu z\u00EDskat v\u00FD\u017Eivu, tedy napadat i odr\u016Fdy nesouc\u00ED geny odolnosti, a to d\u00EDky vzniku gen\u016F virulence. V d\u016Fsledku p\u016Fsoben\u00ED evolu\u010Dn\u00EDch sil doch\u00E1z\u00ED ke zvy\u0161ov\u00E1n\u00ED \u010Detnosti virulentn\u00EDch jedinc\u016F v populaci patogenu a \u00FAm\u011Brn\u011B s t\u00EDm i k napaden\u00ED odr\u016Fd s dan\u00FDm genem odolnosti. Tak doch\u00E1z\u00ED ke \u201Eztr\u00E1t\u011B\u201C odolnosti odr\u016Fd. Pro efektivn\u00ED vyu\u017Eit\u00ED odolnosti odr\u016Fd lze uv\u00E9st n\u00E1sledn\u00E1 doporu\u010Den\u00ED: 1) p\u011Bstovat odr\u016Fdy s \u00FA\u010Dinnou odolnost\u00ED k dan\u00E9mu patogenu (vedle ochrany samotn\u00FDch odoln\u00FDch odr\u016Fd se t\u00EDm zamez\u00ED tvorb\u011B spor, kter\u00E9 by mohly zp\u016Fsobit napaden\u00ED ostatn\u00EDch p\u011Bstovan\u00FDch odr\u016Fd), 2) vyu\u017E\u00EDvat aktu\u00E1ln\u00ED informace o odolnosti odr\u016Fd (evoluce patogenu m\u016F\u017Ee prob\u00EDhat velmi rychle a star\u0161\u00ED \u00FAdaje o odolnosti odr\u016Fd mohou b\u00FDt neaktu\u00E1ln\u00ED), 3) vyvarovat se nadm\u011Brn\u00E9ho p\u011Bstov\u00E1n\u00ED odr\u016Fd se stejn\u00FDm genetick\u00FDm z\u00E1kladem odolnosti k p\u016Fvodci p\u0159\u00EDslu\u0161n\u00E9 choroby (s v\u00FDjimkou genu mlo; odr\u016Fdy s t\u00EDmto genem se mohou p\u011Bstovat bez omezen\u00ED)." . . "1"^^ . "2"^^ . . "Why do cultivars lose resistance to diseases?"@en . "1212-138X" . "1"^^ .