"RIV/00064211:_____/11:#0000084" . . . . "000291358600009" . "Innate immune surveillance in the blood is executed mostly by circulating monocytes, which recognize conserved bacterial molecules such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a central role in microbe-associated molecular pattern detection. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in TLR expression and cytokine production after stimulation of peripheral blood cells with heat-killed gram-negative and gram-positive human pathogens: Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We found that TLR2 expression is up-regulated on monocytes after stimulation with S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. coli, and N. meningitidis. Moreover, TLR2 up-regulation was positively associated with increasing concentrations of gram-positive bacteria, whereas higher concentrations of gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli, caused a milder TLR2 expression increase when compared to low doses. Cytokines were produced in similar dose-dependent profiles regardless of the stimulatory pathogen; however, gram-negative pathogens induced higher cytokine levels when compared to gram-positive bacteria at the same density. These results indicate that gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria differ in their dose-dependent patterns of induction of TLR2 and TLR4, but not cytokine expression" . "194570" . . "Innate immune surveillance in the blood is executed mostly by circulating monocytes, which recognize conserved bacterial molecules such as peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a central role in microbe-associated molecular pattern detection. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in TLR expression and cytokine production after stimulation of peripheral blood cells with heat-killed gram-negative and gram-positive human pathogens: Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We found that TLR2 expression is up-regulated on monocytes after stimulation with S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, E. coli, and N. meningitidis. Moreover, TLR2 up-regulation was positively associated with increasing concentrations of gram-positive bacteria, whereas higher concentrations of gram-negative bacteria, especially E. coli, caused a milder TLR2 expression increase when compared to low doses. Cytokines were produced in similar dose-dependent profiles regardless of the stimulatory pathogen; however, gram-negative pathogens induced higher cytokine levels when compared to gram-positive bacteria at the same density. These results indicate that gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria differ in their dose-dependent patterns of induction of TLR2 and TLR4, but not cytokine expression"@en . "Potm\u011B\u0161il, Roman" . "2" . . . . "P(NR9316), S, Z(MSM0021620806)" . . . "Beran, Ond\u0159ej" . "Differences in Toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production after stimulation with heat-killed gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria" . "http://www.springerlink.com/content/m204438557076672/" . . . "10.1007/s12223-011-0001-9" . . . "3"^^ . . . "Differences in Toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production after stimulation with heat-killed gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria" . "Differences in Toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production after stimulation with heat-killed gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria"@en . . . . . . . "CZ - \u010Cesk\u00E1 republika" . "0015-5632" . "3"^^ . "Holub, Michal" . "Differences in Toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production after stimulation with heat-killed gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria"@en . . "[485E60249DAA]" . "56" . . . "Folia Microbiologica" . . "RIV/00064211:_____/11:#0000084!RIV12-MZ0-00064211" . "Toll-like receptor-2; Toll-like receptor-4; cytokines; Neisseria meningitidis; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus aureus; Staphylococcus pneumonia"@en . "5"^^ .