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Namespace Prefixes

PrefixIRI
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n11http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/company/
n8http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/dosage/
n13http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01440/identifier/chemspider/
n12http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01440/identifier/chebi/
n16http://bio2rdf.org/drugbank:
admshttp://www.w3.org/ns/adms#
n7http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01440/identifier/pharmgkb/
n6http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01440/identifier/wikipedia/
n10http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/patent/
n18http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/drugbank/resource/drugs/
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n14http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/medicinal-product/
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n20http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01440/identifier/pubchem-compound/
n3http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/drugbank/
n4http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/property/
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n17http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01440/identifier/pubchem-substance/
n21http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01440/identifier/drugbank/

Statements

Subject Item
n2:DB01440
rdf:type
n3:Drug
n3:description
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid, commonly abbreviated GHB, is a therapeutic drug which is illegal in multiple countries. It is currently regulated in the US and sold by Jazz Pharmaceuticals under the name Xyrem. However, it is important to note that GHB is a designated Orphan drug (in 1985). Today Xyrem is a Schedule III drug; however GHB remains a Schedule I drug and the illicit use of Xyrem falls under penalties of Schedule I. GHB is a naturally occurring substance found in the central nervous system, wine, beef, small citrus fruits and almost all other living creatures in small amounts. It is used illegally under the street names Juice, Liquid Ecstasy or simply G, either as an intoxicant, or as a date rape drug. Xyrem is a central nervous system depressant that reduces excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy.
n3:dosage
n8:271B4B6D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:group
illicit approved
n3:halfLife
30 to 60 minutes
n3:indication
Used as a general anesthetic, to treat conditions such as insomnia, clinical depression, narcolepsy, and alcoholism, and to improve athletic performance.
owl:sameAs
n16:DB01440 n18:DB01440
dcterms:title
Gamma Hydroxybutyric Acid
adms:identifier
n6:Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid n7:PA10819 n12:16724 n13:2300886 n17:46507548 n19:68727-100-01 n20:3037032 n21:DB01440 n22:C00989
n3:mechanismOfAction
GHB reaches much higher concentrations in the brain and activates GABAB receptors, which are primarily responsible for its sedative effects. GHB receptors are densely expressed in many areas of the brain, including the cortex and hippocampus, and these are the receptors that GHB displays the highest affinity for. There has been somewhat limited research into the GHB receptor; however, there is evidence that activation of the GHB receptor in some brain areas results in the release of glutamate, the principal excitatory neurotransmitter. Activation of both the GHB receptor and GABA(B) is responsible for the addictive profile of GHB. GHB's effect on dopamine release is biphasic,[19] low concentrations stimulate dopamine release via the GHB receptor.[20] Higher concentrations inhibit dopamine release via GABA(B) receptors as do other GABA(B) agonists such as baclofen and phenibut.[21] After an initial phase of inhibition, dopamine release is then increased via the GHB receptor. This explains the paradoxical mix of sedative and stimulatory properties of GHB, as well as the so-called "rebound" effect, experienced by individuals using GHB as a sleeping agent, wherein they awake suddenly after several hours of GHB-induced deep sleep. That is to say that, over time, the concentration of GHB in the system decreases below the threshold for significant GABAB receptor activation and activates predominantly the GHB receptor, leading to wakefulness.
n3:packager
n11:271B4B6B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n11:271B4B69-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n11:271B4B6A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n11:271B4B67-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n11:271B4B68-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:patent
n10:6780889 n10:2355293 n10:7765106
n3:routeOfElimination
Animal studies indicate that metabolism is the major elimination pathway for sodium oxybate, producing carbon dioxide and water via the tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle and secondarily by beta-oxidation. Succinic acid enters the Krebs cycle where it is metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. Fecal and renal excretion is negligible. 5% renal elimination.
n3:synonym
γ-Hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutanoic acid gamma-Hydroxybutyrate oxy-n-butyric acid GHB 4-hydroxy-butyric acid gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutanoate 3-carboxypropoxy acid 4-Hydroxybutyric acid
n3:toxicity
At higher doses, GHB may induce nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, agitation, visual disturbances, depressed breathing, amnesia, unconsciousness, and death.
n3:volumeOfDistribution
* 190 to 384 mL/kg
n3:synthesisReference
Joseph Klosa, "Production of nonhygroscopic salts of 4-hydroxybutyric acid." U.S. Patent US4393236, issued March, 1963.
n3:IUPAC-Name
n4:271B4B72-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChI
n4:271B4B78-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Formula
n4:271B4B77-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Weight
n4:271B4B74-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Monoisotopic-Weight
n4:271B4B75-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:SMILES
n4:271B4B76-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Water-Solubility
n4:271B4B70-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logP
n4:271B4B71-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4B6E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logS
n4:271B4B6F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:H-Bond-Acceptor-Count
n4:271B4B7E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:H-Bond-Donor-Count
n4:271B4B7F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChIKey
n4:271B4B79-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polar-Surface-Area--PSA-
n4:271B4B7A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polarizability
n4:271B4B7C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Refractivity
n4:271B4B7B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rotatable-Bond-Count
n4:271B4B7D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:affectedOrganism
Humans and other mammals
n3:casRegistryNumber
591-81-1
n3:clearance
* apparent oral cl=9.1 mL/min/kg [healthy adults receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg] * 4.5 mL/min/kg [cirrhotic patients without ascites receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg] * 4.1 mL/min/kg [cirrhotic patients with ascites receiving a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg]
n3:containedIn
n14:271B4B6C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Bioavailability
n4:271B4B84-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Ghose-Filter
n4:271B4B86-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:MDDR-Like-Rule
n4:271B4B87-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Number-of-Rings
n4:271B4B83-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Physiological-Charge
n4:271B4B82-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rule-of-Five
n4:271B4B85-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Traditional-IUPAC-Name
n4:271B4B73-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-acidic-
n4:271B4B80-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-basic-
n4:271B4B81-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5