HTML Microdata document

This HTML5 document contains 69 embedded RDF statements represented using HTML+Microdata notation.

The embedded RDF content will be recognized by any processor of HTML5 Microdata.

Namespace Prefixes

Prefix	IRI
n2	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/
n22	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01002/identifier/pharmgkb/
dcterms	http://purl.org/dc/terms/
n13	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01002/identifier/kegg-compound/
n21	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/company/
n25	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/mesh/concept/
foaf	http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
n11	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01002/identifier/pubchem-compound/
n10	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01002/identifier/pubchem-substance/
n19	http://bio2rdf.org/drugbank:
n12	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01002/identifier/drugbank/
adms	http://www.w3.org/ns/adms#
n20	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/patent/
n18	http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/drugbank/resource/drugs/
rdf	http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
n7	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01002/identifier/chemspider/
owl	http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
n24	http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/mesh/
n3	http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/drugbank/
n15	http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic2/
n4	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/property/
n6	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01002/identifier/chebi/
xsdh	http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
n9	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/atc/
n23	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB01002/identifier/wikipedia/
n8	http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/sukl/drug/

Statements

Subject Item: n2:DB01002
rdf:type: n3:Drug
n3:description: Levobupivacaine is an amino-amide local anaesthetic drug belonging to the family of n-alkylsubstituted pipecoloxylidide. It is the S-enantiomer of bupivacaine. Levobupivacaine hydrochloride is commonly marketed by AstraZeneca under the trade name Chirocaine. Compared to bupivacaine, levobupivacaine is associated with less vasodilation and has a longer duration of action. It is approximately 13 per cent less potent (by molarity) than racemic bupivacaine.Levobupivacaine is indicated for local anaesthesia including infiltration, nerve block, ophthalmic, epidural and intrathecal anaesthesia in adults; and infiltration analgesia in children. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are rare when it is administered correctly. Most ADRs relate to administration technique (resulting in systemic exposure) or pharmacological effects of anesthesia, however allergic reactions can rarely occur. [Wikipedia]
n3:generalReferences: # Leone S, Di Cianni S, Casati A, Fanelli G: Pharmacology, toxicology, and clinical use of new long acting local anesthetics, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine. Acta Biomed. 2008 Aug;79(2):92-105. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 18788503 # "http://www.orgyn.com/resources/genrx/D003445.asp":http://www.orgyn.com/resources/genrx/D003445.asp # Burlacu CL, Buggy DJ: Update on local anesthetics: focus on levobupivacaine. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2008 Apr;4(2):381-92. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18728849
n3:group: approved
n3:halfLife: 3.3 hours
n3:indication: For the production of local or regional anesthesia for surgery and obstetrics, and for post-operative pain management
n3:manufacturer: n21:271B4EE4-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
owl:sameAs: n18:DB01002 n19:DB01002
dcterms:title: Levobupivacaine
adms:identifier: n6:6149 n7:83289 n10:46505295 n11:92253 n12:DB01002 n13:C07887 n22:PA164754741 n23:Levobupivacaine
n3:mechanismOfAction: Local anesthetics such as Levobupivacaine block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Specifically, the drug binds to the intracellular portion of sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, which prevents depolarization.
n3:packager: n21:271B4EE3-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n21:271B4EE2-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:patent: n20:5708011
n3:routeOfElimination: Following intravenous administration, recovery of the radiolabelled dose of levobupivacaine was essentially quantitative with a mean total of about 95% being recovered in urine and feces in 48 hours. Of this 95%, about 71% was in urine while 24% was in feces.
n3:synonym: (-)-Bupivacaine Levobupivacaine L-(-)-1-Butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide L-(-)-Bupivacaine (S)-1-Butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide (S)-Bupivacaine
n3:toxicity: LD50: 5.1mg/kg in rabbit, intravenous; 18mg/kg in rabbit, oral; 207mg/kg in rabbit, parenteral; 63mg/kg in rat, subcutaneous (Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapie. Vol. 200, Pg. 359, 1972.) Levobupivacaine appears to cause less myocardial depression than both bupivacaine and ropivacaine, despite being in higher concentrations.
n3:volumeOfDistribution: 66.91 ±18.23 L [after intravenous administration of 40 mg in healthy volunteers]
n3:proteinBinding: >97%
n3:salt
n3:synthesisReference: Hooshang Shahriari Zavareh, Graham Anthony Charles Frampton, "Process for preparing levobupivacaine and analogues thereof." U.S. Patent US5777124, issued February, 1985.
n24:hasConcept: n25:M0452926
foaf:page: n15:levobupivacaine.htm
n3:IUPAC-Name: n4:271B4EE9-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChI: n4:271B4EEF-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Formula: n4:271B4EEE-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Weight: n4:271B4EEB-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Monoisotopic-Weight: n4:271B4EEC-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:SMILES: n4:271B4EED-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Water-Solubility: n4:271B4EE7-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logP: n4:271B4EFF-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4EE5-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4EE8-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logS: n4:271B4EE6-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa: n4:271B4F00-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n8:hasATCCode: n9:N01BB10
n3:H-Bond-Acceptor-Count: n4:271B4EF5-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:H-Bond-Donor-Count: n4:271B4EF6-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChIKey: n4:271B4EF0-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polar-Surface-Area--PSA-: n4:271B4EF1-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polarizability: n4:271B4EF3-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Refractivity: n4:271B4EF2-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rotatable-Bond-Count: n4:271B4EF4-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:absorption: The plasma concentration of levobupivacaine following therapeutic administration depends on dose and also on route of administration, because absorption from the site of administration is affected by the vascularity of the tissue. Peak levels in blood were reached approximately 30 minutes after epidural administration, and doses up to 150 mg resulted in mean C<sub>max</sub> levels of up to 1.2 µg/mL.
n3:affectedOrganism: Humans and other mammals
n3:casRegistryNumber: 27262-47-1
n3:clearance: 39.06 ±13.29 L/h [after intravenous administration of 40 mg in healthy volunteers]
n3:Bioavailability: n4:271B4EFB-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Ghose-Filter: n4:271B4EFD-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:MDDR-Like-Rule: n4:271B4EFE-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Number-of-Rings: n4:271B4EFA-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Physiological-Charge: n4:271B4EF9-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rule-of-Five: n4:271B4EFC-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Traditional-IUPAC-Name: n4:271B4EEA-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-acidic-: n4:271B4EF7-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-basic-: n4:271B4EF8-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5