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Namespace Prefixes

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Statements

Subject Item
n2:DB00983
rdf:type
n3:Drug
n3:description
Formoterol is a long-acting (12 hours) beta2-agonist used in the management of asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Inhaled formoterol works like other beta2-agonists, causing bronchodilatation through relaxation of the smooth muscle in the airway so as to treat the exacerbation of asthma.
n3:dosage
n18:271B4910-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n18:271B4911-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:generalReferences
# Bartow RA, Brogden RN: Formoterol. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of asthma. Drugs. 1998 Feb;55(2):303-22. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9506248 # Cheer SM, Scott LJ: Formoterol: a review of its use in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Med. 2002;1(4):285-300. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14720051 # Steiropoulos P, Tzouvelekis A, Bouros D: Formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(2):205-15. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18686730 # Faulds D, Hollingshead LM, Goa KL: Formoterol. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in reversible obstructive airways disease. Drugs. 1991 Jul;42(1):115-37. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1718682 # Op't Holt TB: Inhaled beta agonists. Respir Care. 2007 Jul;52(7):820-32. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17594727
n3:group
approved investigational
n3:halfLife
10 hours
n3:indication
For use as long-term maintenance treatment of asthma in patients 6 years of age and older with reversible obstructive airways disease, including patients with symptoms of nocturnal asthma, who are using optimal corticosteroid treatment and experiencing regular or frequent breakthrough symptoms requiring use of a short-acting bronchodilator. Not indicated for asthma that can be successfully managed with occasional use of an inhaled, short-acting beta2-adrenergic agonist. Also used for the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm, as well as long-term treatment of bronchospasm associated with COPD.
n3:manufacturer
n14:271B4908-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n14:271B4909-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
owl:sameAs
n8:DB00983 n17:DB00983
dcterms:title
Formoterol
adms:identifier
n12:Formoterol n13:PA134687907 n23:3410 n24:46507099 n25:0085-1402-01 n26:3465 n27:C07805 n28:3465 n29:3292 n30:DB00983
n3:mechanismOfAction
The pharmacologic effects of beta2-adrenoceptor agonist drugs, including formoterol, are at least in part attributable to stimulation of intracellular adenyl cyclase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic-3', 5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Increased cyclic AMP levels cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory mast-cell mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes. Formoterol also inhibits histamine-induced plasma albumin extravasation in anesthetized guinea pigs and inhibits allergen-induced eosinophil influx in dogs with airway hyper-responsiveness. The relevance of these in vitro and animal findings to humans is unknown.
n3:packager
n14:271B4902-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n14:271B4903-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n14:271B4906-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n14:271B4907-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n14:271B4904-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n14:271B4905-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:patent
n22:6667344 n22:6182655
n3:routeOfElimination
Following inhalation of a 12 mcg or 24 mcg dose by 16 patients with asthma, about 10% and 15%-18% of the total dose was excreted in the urine as unchanged formoterol and direct conjugates of formoterol, respectively.
n3:synonym
2'-Hydroxy-5'-(1-hydroxy-2-((P-methoxy-alpha-methylphenethyl)amino)ethyl)formanilide N-[2-Hydroxy-5-(1-hydroxy-2-{[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-methylethyl]amino}ethyl)phenyl]formamide 2'-Hydroxy-5'-{1-hydroxy-2-[(P-methoxy-alpha-methylphenethyl)amino]ethyl}formanilide Formoterolum
n3:toxicity
An overdosage is likely to lead to effects that are typical of ß2-adrenergic stimulants: nausea, vomiting, headache, tremor, somnolence, palpitations, tachycardia, ventricular arrhythmias, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia.
n15:hasAHFSCode
n31:12-12-08-12
n3:mixture
n9:271B4900-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n9:271B4901-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n9:271B48FF-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:proteinBinding
The binding of formoterol to human plasma proteins in vitro was 61%-64% at concentrations from 0.1 to 100 ng/mL. Binding to human serum albumin in vitro was 31%-38% over a range of 5 to 500 ng/mL. The concentrations of formoterol used to assess the plasma protein binding were higher than those achieved in plasma following inhalation of a single 120 µg dose.
n3:salt
n3:synthesisReference
Jan W. Trofast, Edib Jakupovic, Katarina L. Mansson, "Process for preparing formoterol and related compounds." U.S. Patent US5434304, issued August, 1992.
n5:hasConcept
n6:M0059794
foaf:page
n20:formoterol.html n32:foradil.htm
n3:IUPAC-Name
n4:271B4916-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChI
n4:271B491C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Formula
n4:271B491B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Weight
n4:271B4918-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Monoisotopic-Weight
n4:271B4919-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:SMILES
n4:271B491A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Water-Solubility
n4:271B4914-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B492C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logP
n4:271B4912-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B492D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4915-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logS
n4:271B4913-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n15:hasATCCode
n16:R03AC13
n3:H-Bond-Acceptor-Count
n4:271B4922-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:H-Bond-Donor-Count
n4:271B4923-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChIKey
n4:271B491D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polar-Surface-Area--PSA-
n4:271B491E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polarizability
n4:271B4920-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Refractivity
n4:271B491F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rotatable-Bond-Count
n4:271B4921-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:absorption
Rapidly absorbed into plasma following administration by oral inhalation. It is likely that the majority of the inhaled formoterol delivered is swallowed and then absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
n3:affectedOrganism
Humans and other mammals
n3:casRegistryNumber
73573-87-2
n3:category
n3:clearance
* Renal cl=150 mL/min [Healty subjects receiving oral administration of 80 mcg]
n3:containedIn
n10:271B490C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B490A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B490B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B490E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B490F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B490D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Bioavailability
n4:271B4928-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Ghose-Filter
n4:271B492A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:MDDR-Like-Rule
n4:271B492B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Number-of-Rings
n4:271B4927-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Physiological-Charge
n4:271B4926-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rule-of-Five
n4:271B4929-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Traditional-IUPAC-Name
n4:271B4917-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-acidic-
n4:271B4924-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-basic-
n4:271B4925-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5