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Namespace Prefixes

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Statements

Subject Item: n2:DB00678
rdf:type: n3:Drug
n3:description: Losartan is an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) that may be used alone or with other agents to treat hypertension. Losartan and its longer acting metabolite, E-3174, lower blood pressure by antagonizing the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS); they compete with angiotensin II for binding to the type-1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) subtype and prevents the blood pressure increasing effects of angiotensin II. Unlike angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, ARBs do not have the adverse effect of dry cough. Losartan may be used to treat hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetic nephropathy. It may also be used as an alternative agent for the treatment of systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, and heart failure.
n3:dosage: n7:271B4287-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B428D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B428A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B428B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B428C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4282-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4288-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4283-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4289-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4284-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4285-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n7:271B4286-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:generalReferences: # Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, de Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet. 2002 Mar 23;359(9311):995-1003. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11937178 # Guo ZX, Qiu MC: [Losartan downregulates the expression of transforming growth factor beta type I and type II receptors in kidney of diabetic rat] Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2003 Jun;42(6):403-8. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12895325 # Habashi JP, Judge DP, Holm TM, Cohn RD, Loeys BL, Cooper TK, Myers L, Klein EC, Liu G, Calvi C, Podowski M, Neptune ER, Halushka MK, Bedja D, Gabrielson K, Rifkin DB, Carta L, Ramirez F, Huso DL, Dietz HC: Losartan, an AT1 antagonist, prevents aortic aneurysm in a mouse model of Marfan syndrome. Science. 2006 Apr 7;312(5770):117-21. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16601194 # Bader, M. (2004). Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In S. Offermanns, & W. Rosenthal (Eds.). _Encyclopedic reference of molecular pharmacology_ (pp. 810-814). Berlin, Germany: Springer. # Sica, D.A., Gehr, T.W.B., & Ghosh, S. (2005). Clinical pharmacokinetics of losartan. _Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 44_(8), 797-814. "PMID: 16029066":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16029066 # Stanfield, C.L., & Germann, W.J. (2008). _Principles of human physiology_ (3 ^rd^ ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education, Inc. # FDA label
n3:group: approved
n3:halfLife: The terminal t<sub>1/2</sub> of losartan is 2 hours. The active metabolite has a half-life of 6-9 hours.
n3:indication: May be used as a first line agent to treat uncomplicated hypertension, isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. May be used as a first line agent to delay progression of diabetic nephropathy. Losartan may be also used as a second line agent in the treatment of congestive heart failure, systolic dysfunction, myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease in those intolerant of ACE inhibitors.
n3:manufacturer: n12:271B426C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B426D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B426E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
owl:sameAs: n30:DB00678 n33:DB00678
dcterms:title: Losartan
adms:identifier: n15:3824 n16:DB00678 n17:6541 n18:590 n19:C07072 n20:590 n21:3961 n22:46506538 n23:0006-0951-54 n24:PA450268 n25:Losartan n26:D08146
n3:mechanismOfAction: Losartan competitively inhibits the binding of angiotensin II to AT1 in many tissues including vascular smooth muscle and the adrenal glands. Losartan is metabolized to its active metabolite, E-3174, which is 10 to 40 times more potent than losartan and acts as a non-competitive AT1 antagonist. Inhibition of angiotensin II binding to AT1 inhibits its AT1-mediated vasoconstrictive and aldosterone-secreting effects and results in decreased vascular resistance and blood pressure. Losartan is 1,000 times more selective for AT1 than AT2. Inhibition of aldosterone secretion may increase sodium and water excretion while decreasing potassium excretion. Losartan is effective for reducing blood pressure and may be used to treat essential hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and diabetic nephropathy.
n3:packager: n12:271B426A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4260-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4269-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4268-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B426B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4266-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4267-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4264-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4265-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4262-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4263-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4261-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B425D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B425B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B425C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4259-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B425A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4257-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4258-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4255-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B4256-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B425E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n12:271B425F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:patent: n6:5608075 n6:1334092 n6:5210079 n6:2085584
n3:routeOfElimination: Following oral administration of losartan, 35% of the dose is recovered in the urine and about 60% in the feces. Following an intravenous dose, 45% is recovered in the urine and 50% in the feces.
n3:synonym: DuP 89 2-N-Butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl]imidazole Losartan (2-Butyl-4-chloro-1-{[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl}-1H-imidazol-5-yl)methanol
n3:toxicity: Hypotension and tachycardia; Bradycardia could occur from parasympathetic (vagal) stimulation, LD<sub>50</sub>= 1000 mg/kg (orally in rat)
n3:volumeOfDistribution: * 34 L [losartan, healthy subjects] * 12 L [active metabolite, healthy subjects]
n10:hasAHFSCode: n27:24-32-08
n3:foodInteraction: Take without regard to meals. Take at same time each day. Food delays absorption, but does not affect the extent of absorption.
n3:mixture: n13:271B4253-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n13:271B4254-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:proteinBinding: 99.7% protein bound, primarily to albumin
n3:salt
n3:synthesisReference: Gordon C. Campbell, Jr., Anil M. Dwivedi, Dorothy A. Levorse, James A. McCauley, Krishnaswamy S. Raghavan, "Polymorphs of losartan and the process for the preparation of form II of losartan." U.S. Patent US5608075, issued May, 1994.
n8:hasConcept: n9:M0029400
foaf:page: n32:losartan.html n34:losar.htm
n3:IUPAC-Name: n5:271B4292-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChI: n5:271B4298-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Formula: n5:271B4297-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Molecular-Weight: n5:271B4294-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Monoisotopic-Weight: n5:271B4295-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:SMILES: n5:271B4296-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Water-Solubility: n5:271B42A8-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4290-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logP: n5:271B42AA-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B428E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n5:271B4291-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:logS: n5:271B428F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa: n5:271B42AB-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n10:hasATCCode: n11:C09CA01
n3:H-Bond-Acceptor-Count: n5:271B429E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:H-Bond-Donor-Count: n5:271B429F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:InChIKey: n5:271B4299-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polar-Surface-Area--PSA-: n5:271B429A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Polarizability: n5:271B429C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Refractivity: n5:271B429B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rotatable-Bond-Count: n5:271B429D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:absorption: Losartan is well absorbed and undergoes substantial first-pass metabolism; the systemic bioavailability of losartan is approximately 33%. Mean peak concentrations of losartan and its active metabolite are reached in 1 hour and in 3-4 hours, respectively. While maximum plasma concentrations of losartan and its active metabolite are approximately equal, the AUC of the metabolite is about 4 times as great as that of losartan. When given with a meal, absorption is slows down and Cmax decreases.
n3:affectedOrganism: Humans and other mammals
n3:casRegistryNumber: 114798-26-4
n3:category
n3:clearance: * Total plasma clearance = 600 mL/min [losartan] * Total plasma clearance = 50 mL/min [active metabolite] * Renal clearance = 75 mL/min [losartan] * Renal clearance = 25 mL/min [active metabolite]
n3:containedIn: n4:271B427E-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B427B-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B427C-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4279-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B427A-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4277-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4278-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4275-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4276-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4272-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4273-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4270-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4271-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B426F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4281-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B427F-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4280-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B4274-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n4:271B427D-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Bioavailability: n5:271B42A4-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Ghose-Filter: n5:271B42A6-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:MDDR-Like-Rule: n5:271B42A7-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Melting-Point: n5:271B42A9-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Number-of-Rings: n5:271B42A3-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Physiological-Charge: n5:271B42A2-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Rule-of-Five: n5:271B42A5-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:Traditional-IUPAC-Name: n5:271B4293-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-acidic-: n5:271B42A0-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n3:pKa--strongest-basic-: n5:271B42A1-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5