This HTML5 document contains 91 embedded RDF statements represented using HTML+Microdata notation.

The embedded RDF content will be recognized by any processor of HTML5 Microdata.

Namespace Prefixes

PrefixIRI
n2http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/
dctermshttp://purl.org/dc/terms/
n4http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/national-drug-code-directory/
n17http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/mesh/concept/
foafhttp://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/
n10http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/company/
n18http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/dosage/
n26http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/chebi/
n9http://bio2rdf.org/drugbank:
n29http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/wikipedia/
admshttp://www.w3.org/ns/adms#
n7http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/pharmgkb/
n19http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/patent/
n21http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/pdb/
n23http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/kegg-compound/
n15http://wifo5-03.informatik.uni-mannheim.de/drugbank/resource/drugs/
rdfhttp://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
n11http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/medicinal-product/
owlhttp://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
n16http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/mesh/
n28http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/
n5http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/drugbank/
n6http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/property/
xsdhhttp://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#
n20http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/kegg-drug/
n24http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/drugbank/
n22http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/iuphar/
n14http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/atc/
n25http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00130/identifier/guide-to-pharmacology/
n13http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/sukl/drug/

Statements

Subject Item
n2:DB00130
rdf:type
n5:Drug
n5:description
A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from glutamic acid and ammonia. It is the principal carrier of nitrogen in the body and is an important energy source for many cells. [PubChem]
n5:dosage
n18:271B48C5-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:generalReferences
# Boza JJ, Dangin M, Moennoz D, Montigon F, Vuichoud J, Jarret A, Pouteau E, Gremaud G, Oguey-Araymon S, Courtois D, Woupeyi A, Finot PA, Ballevre O: Free and protein-bound glutamine have identical splanchnic extraction in healthy human volunteers. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2001 Jul;281(1):G267-74. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408280 # McAnena OJ, Moore FA, Moore EE, Jones TN, Parsons P: Selective uptake of glutamine in the gastrointestinal tract: confirmation in a human study. Br J Surg. 1991 Apr;78(4):480-2. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1903318 # Morlion BJ, Stehle P, Wachtler P, Siedhoff HP, Koller M, Konig W, Furst P, Puchstein C: Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Ann Surg. 1998 Feb;227(2):302-8. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9488531 # Jian ZM, Cao JD, Zhu XG, Zhao WX, Yu JC, Ma EL, Wang XR, Zhu MW, Shu H, Liu YW: The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1999 Sep-Oct;23(5 Suppl):S62-6. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10483898
n5:group
investigational nutraceutical approved
n5:indication
Used for nutritional supplementation, also for treating dietary shortage or imbalance.
n5:manufacturer
n10:271B48BF-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
owl:sameAs
n9:DB00130 n15:DB00130
dcterms:title
L-Glutamine
adms:identifier
n4:42457-001 n7:PA10090 n20:D00015 n21:GLN n22:723 n23:C00064 n24:DB00130 n25:723 n26:18050 n29:L-Glutamine
n5:mechanismOfAction
Supplemental L-glutamine's possible immunomodulatory role may be accounted for in a number of ways. L-glutamine appears to play a major role in protecting the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract and, in particular, the large intestine. During catabolic states, the integrity of the intestinal mucosa may be compromised with consequent increased intestinal permeability and translocation of Gram-negative bacteria from the large intestine into the body. The demand for L-glutamine by the intestine, as well as by cells such as lymphocytes, appears to be much greater than that supplied by skeletal muscle, the major storage tissue for L-glutamine. L-glutamine is the preferred respiratory fuel for enterocytes, colonocytes and lymphocytes. Therefore, supplying supplemental L-glutamine under these conditions may do a number of things. For one, it may reverse the catabolic state by sparing skeletal muscle L-glutamine. It also may inhibit translocation of Gram-negative bacteria from the large intestine. L-glutamine helps maintain secretory IgA, which functions primarily by preventing the attachment of bacteria to mucosal cells. L-glutamine appears to be required to support the proliferation of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, as well as the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). It is also required for the maintenance of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK). L-glutamine can enhance phagocytosis by neutrophils and monocytes. It can lead to an increased synthesis of glutathione in the intestine, which may also play a role in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosa by ameliorating oxidative stress. The exact mechanism of the possible immunomodulatory action of supplemental L-glutamine, however, remains unclear. It is conceivable that the major effect of L-glutamine occurs at the level of the intestine. Perhaps enteral L-glutamine acts directly on intestine-associated lymphoid tissue and stimulates overall immune function by that mechanism, without passing beyond the splanchnic bed.
n5:packager
n10:271B48BB-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B48BC-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B48B9-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B48BA-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B48BD-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n10:271B48BE-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:patent
n19:5288703
n5:synonym
Glutamic acid 5-amide L-Glutamin L-Glutamic acid gamma-amide L-Glutaminsäure-5-amid (2S)-2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid GLUTAMINE L-Glutaminsaeure-5-amid L-2-aminoglutaramic acid Glutamic acid amide (S)-2,5-diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid Q L-glutamic acid γ-amide L-Glutamine L-(+)-glutamine Levoglutamide (2S)-2,5-Diamino-5-oxopentanoic acid
n5:toxicity
Doses of L-glutamine up to 21 grams daily appear to be well tolerated. Reported adverse reactions are mainly gastrointestinal and not common. They include constipation and bloating. There is one older report of two hypomanic patients whose manic symptoms were exacerbated following the use of 2 to 4 grams daily of L-glutamine. The symptoms resolved when the L-glutamine was stopped. These patients were not rechallenged, nor are there any other reports of this nature.
n5:synthesisReference
Stephen Paul, "Novel preparation of fiber, L-glutamine and a soy derivative for the purpose of enhancement of isoflavone bioavailability." U.S. Patent US20020076455, issued June 20, 2002.
n16:hasConcept
n17:M0009383
foaf:page
n28:lgl_0125.shtml
n5:IUPAC-Name
n6:271B48CA-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:InChI
n6:271B48D0-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Molecular-Formula
n6:271B48CF-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Molecular-Weight
n6:271B48CC-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Monoisotopic-Weight
n6:271B48CD-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:SMILES
n6:271B48CE-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Water-Solubility
n6:271B48C8-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n6:271B48E0-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:logP
n6:271B48C6-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n6:271B48C9-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n6:271B48E2-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:logS
n6:271B48C7-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n6:271B48E3-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:pKa
n6:271B48E4-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n13:hasATCCode
n14:A16AA03
n5:H-Bond-Acceptor-Count
n6:271B48D6-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:H-Bond-Donor-Count
n6:271B48D7-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:InChIKey
n6:271B48D1-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Polar-Surface-Area--PSA-
n6:271B48D2-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Polarizability
n6:271B48D4-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Refractivity
n6:271B48D3-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Rotatable-Bond-Count
n6:271B48D5-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:absorption
Absorption is efficient and occurs by an active transport mechanism
n5:affectedOrganism
Humans and other mammals
n5:casRegistryNumber
56-85-9
n5:category
n5:containedIn
n11:271B48C0-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n11:271B48C3-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n11:271B48C4-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n11:271B48C1-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5 n11:271B48C2-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Bioavailability
n6:271B48DC-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Ghose-Filter
n6:271B48DE-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:MDDR-Like-Rule
n6:271B48DF-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Melting-Point
n6:271B48E1-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Number-of-Rings
n6:271B48DB-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Physiological-Charge
n6:271B48DA-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Rule-of-Five
n6:271B48DD-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:Traditional-IUPAC-Name
n6:271B48CB-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:pKa--strongest-acidic-
n6:271B48D8-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5
n5:pKa--strongest-basic-
n6:271B48D9-363D-11E5-9242-09173F13E4C5