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http://linked.open...gbank/description
| - Agmantine is a natural metabolite of the amino acid arginine. It is formed when arginine is decarboxylated by the enzyme arginine decarboxylase and is found naturally in ragweed pollen, ergot fungi, octopus muscle, herring sperm, sponges, and the mammalian brain. Agmatine is both an experimental and investigational drug. As an investigational drug, it is being studied in a non-blinded prospective case study in the United States looking at patients who have been diagnosed with small fiber peripheral neuropathy between the ages of 18 to 75 years. Up to now (July 2013), the results of this study have not yet been published. As an experimental drug, agmatine is being studied for several indications such as cardioprotection, diabetes, decreased kidney function, neuroprotection (stroke, severe CNS injuries, epilepsy, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain), and psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and cognition). The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated for all of the potential indications of agmatine. (en)
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http://linked.open...generalReferences
| - # The Merck Index. # Li G, Regunathan S, Barrow CJ, Eshraghi J, Cooper R, Reis DJ: Agmatine: an endogenous clonidine-displacing substance in the brain. Science. 1994 Feb 18;263(5149):966-9. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7906055 # Payandemehr B, Rahimian R, Bahremand A, Ebrahimi A, Saadat S, Moghaddas P, Fadakar K, Derakhshanian H, Dehpour AR: Role of nitric oxide in additive anticonvulsant effects of agmatine and morphine. Physiol Behav. 2013 May 14;118C:52-57. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.05.022. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23685229 # Huang YC, Tzeng WS, Wang CC, Cheng BC, Chang YK, Chen HH, Lin PC, Huang TY, Chuang TJ, Lin JW, Chang CP: Neuroprotective effect of agmatine in rats with transient cerebral ischemia using MR imaging and histopathologic evaluation. Magn Reson Imaging. 2013 May 1. pii: S0730-725X(13)00133-1. doi: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.03.026. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23642800 # Piletz JE, Aricioglu F, Cheng JT, Fairbanks CA, Gilad VH, Haenisch B, Halaris A, Hong S, Lee JE, Li J, Liu P, Molderings GJ, Rodrigues AL, Satriano J, Seong GJ, Wilcox G, Wu N, Gilad GM: Agmatine: clinical applications after 100 years in translation. Drug Discov Today. 2013 Jun 13. pii: S1359-6446(13)00163-3. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.05.017. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 23769988 # Regunathan S, Piletz JE: Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and agmatine synthesis in macrophages and astrocytes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Dec;1009:20-9. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15028566 (en)
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http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/group
| - experimental (en)
- investigational (en)
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http://linked.open...ugbank/indication
| - Agmatine is being studied experimentally for several indications such as cardioprotection, diabetes, decreased kidney function, neuroprotection (stroke, severe CNS injuries, epilepsy, glaucoma, and neuropathic pain), and psychiatric conditions (depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and cognition). As an investigational drug, agamatine is being studied in a non-blinded prospective case study in the United States looking at patients who have been diagnosed with small fiber peripheral neuropathy. (en)
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http://linked.open...mechanismOfAction
| - The exact mechanism of action is still being investigated for all of the potential indications of agmatine. Some of the biochemical mechanisms discovered so far concern agmatine's indication for diabetes, neuroprotection, and psychiatric conditions. In diabetes, agmatine produces hypoglycemia by increasing the release of insulin form pancreatic islet cells and increasing glucose uptake by the cells through increased endorphin release from the adrenal glands. Concerning neuroprotection, agmatine's effects are thought to involve modulation of receptors (NMDA, alpha 2, and imidazoline) and ion channels (ATP sensitive potassium channels and voltage-gated calcium channels) as well as blocking nitric oxide synthesis. Agmatine blocks nitric oxide synthesis by reducing the nitric oxide synthase -2 (NOS-2) protein in astroglial cells and macrophages. With respect to agmatine's benefit in psychiatric disorders, it is suggested that the mechanism involves neurotransmitter receptor modulation of the NMDA, alpha-2, serotonin, opioid, and imidazoline receptors. Specifically when agmatine binds to the imidazoline and alpha 2 receptors, it acts as a neurotransmitter and releases catecholamines from the adrenal gland. (en)
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http://linked.open.../drugbank/synonym
| - (4-aminobutyl) guanidine (en)
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http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/salt
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http://linked.open...ugbank/IUPAC-Name
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http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/InChI
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http://linked.open...Molecular-Formula
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http://linked.open.../Molecular-Weight
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http://linked.open...noisotopic-Weight
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http://linked.open...y/drugbank/SMILES
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http://linked.open.../Water-Solubility
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http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/logP
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http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/logS
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http://linked.open...nd-Acceptor-Count
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http://linked.open...-Bond-Donor-Count
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http://linked.open...drugbank/InChIKey
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http://linked.open...urface-Area--PSA-
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http://linked.open...nk/Polarizability
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http://linked.open...bank/Refractivity
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http://linked.open...atable-Bond-Count
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http://linked.open.../affectedOrganism
| - Humans and other mammals (en)
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http://linked.open...casRegistryNumber
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http://linked.open...k/Bioavailability
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http://linked.open...bank/Ghose-Filter
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http://linked.open...nk/MDDR-Like-Rule
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http://linked.open...ank/Melting-Point
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http://linked.open...k/Number-of-Rings
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http://linked.open...siological-Charge
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http://linked.open...bank/Rule-of-Five
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http://linked.open...tional-IUPAC-Name
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http://linked.open...-strongest-basic-
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