About: Levamisole

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An Entity of Type : http://linked.opendata.cz/ontology/drugbank/Drug, within Data Space : linked.opendata.cz associated with source document(s)

Attributes	Values
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http://linked.open...gbank/description	An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). Levamisole was withdrawn from the US and Canadian markets in 2000 and 2003, respectively, due to the risk of serious side effects and the availability of more effective replacement medications. [Wikipedia] (en)
http://linked.open...generalReferences	# Grishchenko SV, Lavrukhina LA, Ketiladze ES, Krylov VF, Ershov FI: [Results of combined therapy using levamisole for patients with influenza complicated by pneumonia] Vopr Virusol. 1984 Mar-Apr;29(2):175-9. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6203228 # Levamisole for corticosteroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome in childhood. British Association for Paediatric Nephrology. Lancet. 1991 Jun 29;337(8757):1555-7. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1675705 # Van Belle H: Alkaline phosphatase. I. Kinetics and inhibition by levamisole of purified isoenzymes from humans. Clin Chem. 1976 Jul;22(7):972-6. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6169 (en)
http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/group	withdrawn (en)
http://linked.open...drugbank/halfLife	4.4-5.6 hours (biphasic) (en)
http://linked.open...ugbank/indication	For adjuvant treatment in combination with fluorouracil after surgical resection in patients with Dukes' stage C colon cancer. Also used to treat malignant melanoma and head/neck cancer. Levamisole was originally used as an antihelminthic to treat worm infestations in both humans and animals. (en)
http://linked.open...bank/manufacturer	Janssen pharmaceutica products lp
sameAs	Levamisole Levamisole
Title	Levamisole (en)
adms:identifier	http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/bindingdb/50241179 http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/chemspider/25037 http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/drugbank/DB00848 http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/kegg-compound/C07070 http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/kegg-drug/D08114 http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/pharmgkb/PA450205 http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/pubchem-compound/26879 http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/pubchem-substance/46509052 http://linked.opendata.cz/resource/drugbank/drug/DB00848/identifier/wikipedia/Levamisole
http://linked.open...mechanismOfAction	The mechanism of action of levamisole as an antiparasitic agent appears to be tied to its agnositic activity towards the L-subtype nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nematode muscles. This agonistic action reduces the capacity of the males to control their reproductive muscles and limits their ability to copulate. The mechanism of action of Levamisole as an anticancer drug in combination with fluorouracil is unknown. The effects of levamisole on the immune system are complex. The drug appears to restore depressed immune function rather than to stimulate response to above-normal levels. Levamisole can stimulate formation of antibodies to various antigens, enhance T-cell responses by stimulating T-cell activation and proliferation, potentiate monocyte and macrophage functions including phagocytosis and chemotaxis, and increase neutrophil mobility, adherence, and chemotaxis. (en)
http://linked.open...drugbank/packager	Professional Co.
http://linked.open.../drugbank/synonym	Levamisol (en) Levamisolum (en)
http://linked.open...drugbank/toxicity	LD<sub>50</sub> = 40 mg/kg (Pigs, subcutaneous); LD<sub>50</sub> = 180 mg/kg (rat, oral) (en)
http://linked.open...k/foodInteraction	Take on an empty stomach. (en)
http://linked.open...nk/proteinBinding	20-25% (en)
http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/salt	(en)
http://linked.open...ynthesisReference	U.S. Patents 3,274,209; 3,364,112; 3,463,786; 3,579,530 and 3,646,051. (en)
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foaf:page	http://www.drugs.com/mtm/levamisole.html http://www.rxlist.com/cgi/generic3/levamisole.htm
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http://linked.open...ugbank/absorption	Levamisole is rapidly absorbed (2 hours) from the gastrointestinal tract. (en)
http://linked.open.../affectedOrganism	Humans and other mammals (en)
http://linked.open...casRegistryNumber	14769-73-4 (en)
http://linked.open...drugbank/category	(en)
http://linked.open...gbank/containedIn	Levamisole hcl powder
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