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| rdf:type
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| http://linked.open...gbank/description
| - A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue. [PubChem] (en)
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| http://linked.open...y/drugbank/dosage
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| http://linked.open...generalReferences
| - # : A STARring role for raloxifene? Lancet Oncol. 2006 Jun;7(6):443. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16750489 # Heringa M: Review on raloxifene: profile of a selective estrogen receptor modulator. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Aug;41(8):331-45. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12940590 # Barrett-Connor E: Raloxifene: risks and benefits. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001 Dec;949:295-303. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11795366 # Khovidhunkit W, Shoback DM: Clinical effects of raloxifene hydrochloride in women. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Mar 2;130(5):431-9. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10068418 # Cummings SR, Eckert S, Krueger KA, Grady D, Powles TJ, Cauley JA, Norton L, Nickelsen T, Bjarnason NH, Morrow M, Lippman ME, Black D, Glusman JE, Costa A, Jordan VC: The effect of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. JAMA. 1999 Jun 16;281(23):2189-97. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10376571 # Bryant HU, Glasebrook AL, Yang NN, Sato M: An estrogen receptor basis for raloxifene action in bone. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1999 Apr-Jun;69(1-6):37-44. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10418979 # Balfour JA, Goa KL: Raloxifene. Drugs Aging. 1998 Apr;12(4):335-41; discussion 342. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9571395 # Clemett D, Spencer CM: Raloxifene: a review of its use in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Drugs. 2000 Aug;60(2):379-411. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10983739 # Silverman SL: New selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) in development. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2010 Sep;8(3):151-3. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20603714 # Diez-Perez A: Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS). Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2006 Aug;50(4):720-34. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17117297 (en)
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| http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/group
| - approved (en)
- investigational (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/halfLife
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/indication
| - For the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in post-menopausal women, as well as prevention and treatment of corticosteroid-induced bone loss. Also for the reduction in the incidence of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis or have a high risk for developing breast cancer. (en)
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| http://linked.open...bank/manufacturer
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| sameAs
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| Title
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| adms:identifier
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| http://linked.open...mechanismOfAction
| - Raloxifene binds to estrogen receptors, resulting in differential expression of multiple estrogen-regulated genes in different tissues. Raloxifene produces estrogen-like effects on bone, reducing resorption of bone and increasing bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, thus slowing the rate of bone loss. The maintenance of bone mass by raloxifene and estrogens is, in part, through the regulation of the gene-encoding transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3), which is a bone matrix protein with antiosteoclastic properties. Raloxifene activates TGF-β3 through pathways that are estrogen receptor-mediated but involve DNA sequences distinct from the estrogen response element. The drug also binds to the estrogen receptor and acts as an estrogen agonist in preosteoclastic cells, which results in the inhibtion of their proliferative capacity. This inhibition is thought to contribute to the drug's effect on bone resorption. Other mechanisms include the suppression of activity of the bone-resorbing cytokine interleukin-6 promoter activity. Raloxifene also antagonizes the effects of estrogen on mammary tissue and blocks uterotrophic responses to estrogen. By competing with estrogens for the estrogen receptors in reproductive tissue, raloxifene prevents the transcriptional activation of genes containing the estrogen response element. As well, raloxifene inhibits the estradiol-dependent proliferation of MCF-7 human mammary tumor cells in vitro. The mechansim of action of raloxifene has not been fully determined, but evidence suggests that the drug's tissue-specific estrogen agonist or antagonist activity is related to the structural differences between the raloxifene-estrogen receptor complex (specifically the surface topography of AF-2) and the estrogen-estrogen receptor complex. Also, the existence of at least 2 estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) may contribute to the tissue specificity of raloxifene. (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/packager
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| http://linked.open...y/drugbank/patent
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| http://linked.open...outeOfElimination
| - Raloxifene is primarily excreted in feces, and less than 0.2% is excreted unchanged in urine. (en)
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| http://linked.open.../drugbank/synonym
| - Raloxifene (en)
- Keoxifene (en)
- RAL (en)
- LY 139481 (en)
- Raloxifeno (en)
- Raloxifenum (en)
- (2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-6-hydroxybenzo(b)thien-3-yl)(4-(2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methanone (en)
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| http://linked.open...umeOfDistribution
| - * 2348 L/kg [oral administration of single doses ranging from 30 to 150 mg] (en)
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| http://linked.open.../drug/hasAHFSCode
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| http://linked.open...k/foodInteraction
| - Avoid alcohol. (en)
- Take without regard to meals. (en)
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| http://linked.open...nk/proteinBinding
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/salt
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| http://linked.open...ynthesisReference
| - Massimo Ferrari, Fabrizio Zinetti, Paolo Belotti, "Process for preparing raloxifene hydrochloride." U.S. Patent US20070100147, issued May 03, 2007. (en)
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| http://linked.open...y/mesh/hasConcept
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| foaf:page
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/IUPAC-Name
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| http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/InChI
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| http://linked.open...Molecular-Formula
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| http://linked.open.../Molecular-Weight
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| http://linked.open...noisotopic-Weight
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| http://linked.open...y/drugbank/SMILES
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| http://linked.open.../Water-Solubility
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/logP
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/logS
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| http://linked.open...l/drug/hasATCCode
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| http://linked.open...nd-Acceptor-Count
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| http://linked.open...-Bond-Donor-Count
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/InChIKey
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| http://linked.open...urface-Area--PSA-
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| http://linked.open...nk/Polarizability
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| http://linked.open...bank/Refractivity
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| http://linked.open...atable-Bond-Count
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/absorption
| - Approximately 60% of an oral dose is absorbed, but presystemic glucuronide conjugation is extensive. Absolute bioavailability of raloxifene is 2.0% (en)
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| http://linked.open.../affectedOrganism
| - Humans and other mammals (en)
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| http://linked.open...casRegistryNumber
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/category
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| http://linked.open...rugbank/clearance
| - * 44.1 L/kg•hr [Healthy Postmenopausal Woman with Single Dose] * 47.4 L/kg•hr [Healthy Postmenopausal Woman with Multiple Dose] * Oral cl=44.1 L/kg•hr (en)
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| http://linked.open...gbank/containedIn
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| http://linked.open...k/Bioavailability
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| http://linked.open...bank/Ghose-Filter
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| http://linked.open...nk/MDDR-Like-Rule
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| http://linked.open...ank/Melting-Point
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| http://linked.open...k/Number-of-Rings
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| http://linked.open...siological-Charge
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| http://linked.open...bank/Rule-of-Five
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| http://linked.open...tional-IUPAC-Name
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| http://linked.open...strongest-acidic-
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| http://linked.open...-strongest-basic-
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