| Attributes | Values |
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| rdf:type
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| http://linked.open...gbank/description
| - A widely used local anesthetic agent. [PubChem] (en)
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| http://linked.open...y/drugbank/dosage
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| http://linked.open...generalReferences
| - # "Link":http://www.emedicine.com/ent/topic20.htm # Rosenblatt MA, Abel M, Fischer GW, Itzkovich CJ, Eisenkraft JB: Successful use of a 20% lipid emulsion to resuscitate a patient after a presumed bupivacaine-related cardiac arrest. Anesthesiology. 2006 Jul;105(1):217-8. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16810015 # Picard J, Meek T: Lipid emulsion to treat overdose of local anaesthetic: the gift of the glob. Anaesthesia. 2006 Feb;61(2):107-9. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16430560 (en)
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| http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/group
| - approved (en)
- investigational (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/halfLife
| - 2.7 hours in adults and 8.1 hours in neonates (en)
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/indication
| - For the production of local or regional anesthesia or analgesia for surgery, for oral surgery procedures, for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, and for obstetrical procedures. (en)
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| http://linked.open...bank/manufacturer
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| sameAs
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| Title
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| adms:identifier
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| http://linked.open...mechanismOfAction
| - Local anesthetics such as bupivacaine block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses, presumably by increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. Bupivacaine binds to the intracellular portion of sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, which prevents depolarization. In general, the progression of anesthesia is related to the diameter, myelination and conduction velocity of affected nerve fibers. Clinically, the order of loss of nerve function is as follows: (1) pain, (2) temperature, (3) touch, (4) proprioception, and (5) skeletal muscle tone. The analgesic effects of Bupivicaine are thought to potentially be due to its binding to the prostaglandin E2 receptors, subtype EP1 (PGE2EP1), which inhibits the production of prostaglandins, thereby reducing fever, inflammation, and hyperalgesia. (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/packager
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| http://linked.open...outeOfElimination
| - Only 6% of bupivacaine is excreted unchanged in the urine. (en)
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| http://linked.open.../drugbank/synonym
| - Bupivacaine (en)
- Carbostesin (en)
- (+-)-Bupivacaine (en)
- DL-Bupivacaine (en)
- 1-Butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-piperidinecarboxamide (en)
- (RS)-bupivacaine (en)
- 1-Butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide (en)
- Bupivacaina (en)
- Bupivacainum (en)
- Racemic bupivacaine (en)
- dl-1-Butyl-2',6'-pipecoloxylidide (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/toxicity
| - The mean seizure dosage of bupivacaine in rhesus monkeys was found to be 4.4 mg/kg with mean arterial plasma concentration of 4.5 mcg/mL. The intravenous and subcutaneous LD 50 in mice is 6 to 8 mg/kg and 38 to 54 mg/kg respectively. Recent clinical data from patients experiencing local anesthetic induced convulsions demonstrated rapid development of hypoxia, hypercarbia, and acidosis with bupivacaine within a minute of the onset of convulsions. These observations suggest that oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are greatly increased during local anesthetic convulsions and emphasize the importance of immediate and effective ventilation with oxygen which may avoid cardiac arrest. (en)
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| http://linked.open.../drug/hasAHFSCode
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| http://linked.open.../drugbank/mixture
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| http://linked.open...nk/proteinBinding
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/salt
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| http://linked.open...ynthesisReference
| - Thuresson, B. and Egner, B.P.H.; U.S. Patent 2,792,399; May 14, 1957; assigned to AB Bofors, Sweden. Thuresson, B. and Pettersson, B.G.; US. Patent 2,955.1 11; October 4,1960; assigned to AB Bofors, Sweden. (en)
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| http://linked.open...y/mesh/hasConcept
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| foaf:page
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/IUPAC-Name
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| http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/InChI
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| http://linked.open...Molecular-Formula
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| http://linked.open.../Molecular-Weight
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| http://linked.open...noisotopic-Weight
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| http://linked.open...y/drugbank/SMILES
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| http://linked.open.../Water-Solubility
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/logP
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/logS
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| http://linked.open...logy/drugbank/pKa
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| http://linked.open...l/drug/hasATCCode
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| http://linked.open...nd-Acceptor-Count
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| http://linked.open...-Bond-Donor-Count
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/InChIKey
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| http://linked.open...urface-Area--PSA-
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| http://linked.open...nk/Polarizability
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| http://linked.open...bank/Refractivity
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| http://linked.open...atable-Bond-Count
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/absorption
| - The rate of systemic absorption of local anesthetics is dependent upon the total dose and concentration of drug administered, the route of administration, the vascularity of the administration site, and the presence or absence of epinephrine in the anesthetic solution. (en)
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| http://linked.open.../affectedOrganism
| - Humans and other mammals (en)
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