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| rdf:type
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| http://linked.open...gbank/description
| - Isophane insulin or NPH insulin (neutral protamine Hagedorn) is an intermediate-acting insulin to improve glycemic control. It is synthesized using a strain of Escherichia coli bacteria that has been genetically altered to produce human insulin. Human insulin isophane suspension consists of a crystalline suspension of human insulin with protamine and zinc. This combination results in an intermediate-acting insulin with a slower onset of action and longer duration of activity than regular human insulin. (en)
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| http://linked.open...y/drugbank/dosage
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| http://linked.open...generalReferences
| - # Lepore M, Pampanelli S, Fanelli C, Porcellati F, Bartocci L, Di Vincenzo A, Cordoni C, Costa E, Brunetti P, Bolli GB: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneous injection of long-acting human insulin analog glargine, NPH insulin, and ultralente human insulin and continuous subcutaneous infusion of insulin lispro. Diabetes. 2000 Dec;49(12):2142-8. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11118018 # Owens DR, Coates PA, Luzio SD, Tinbergen JP, Kurzhals R: Pharmacokinetics of 125I-labeled insulin glargine (HOE 901) in healthy men: comparison with NPH insulin and the influence of different subcutaneous injection sites. Diabetes Care. 2000 Jun;23(6):813-9. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10841002 # Danne T, Lupke K, Walte K, Von Schuetz W, Gall MA: Insulin detemir is characterized by a consistent pharmacokinetic profile across age-groups in children, adolescents, and adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003 Nov;26(11):3087-92. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14578244 # Owens DR, Bolli GB: Beyond the era of NPH insulin--long-acting insulin analogs: chemistry, comparative pharmacology, and clinical application. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2008 Oct;10(5):333-49. doi: 10.1089/dia.2008.0023. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18715209 (en)
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| http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/group
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/indication
| - Used to improve glycemic control in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus. (en)
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| sameAs
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| Title
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| adms:identifier
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| http://linked.open...mechanismOfAction
| - The primary activity of insulin is the regulation of glucose metabolism. Insulin promotes glucose and amino acid uptake into muscle and adipose tissues, and other tissues except brain and liver. It also has an anabolic role in stimulating glycogen, fatty acid, and protein synthesis. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. Insulin binds to the insulin receptor (IR), a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor is able to autophosphorylate and phosphorylate numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. These activated proteins, in turn, lead to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC) which play a critical role in metabolism and catabolism (en)
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| http://linked.open.../drugbank/synonym
| - Isophane Insulin (en)
- NPH Insulin (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/toxicity
| - Hypoglycemia is one of the most frequent adverse events experienced by insulin users. (en)
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| http://linked.open...umeOfDistribution
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| http://linked.open.../drugbank/mixture
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| http://linked.open...nk/proteinBinding
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| http://linked.open...ynthesisReference
| - Per Balschmidt, Helle Olsen, Niels Kaarsholm, Peter Madsen, Palle Jakobsen, Svend Ludvigsen, Gerd Schluckebier, Dorte Steensgaard, Anders Petersen, "Novel NPH insulin preparations." U.S. Patent US20060258561, issued November 16, 2006. (en)
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| foaf:page
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| http://linked.open...Molecular-Formula
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| http://linked.open.../Molecular-Weight
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/absorption
| - NPH insulin is generally well and rapidly absorbed from the site of injection. Absorption does not differ if it is subcutaneously administered in the thigh or abdomen. when 0.5 IU/kg of NPH insulin was given to adult type 1 diabetes patients before breakfast, the pharmacokinetic parameters are as follows: AUC (0-24hours) = 111,941 ± 77,941 pmol · l-1 · min-1; Cmax = 149 ± 121 pmol/l; Tmax = 480 ± 237 minute. It is important to note that NPH insulin has a high degree of patient variability in its absorption profile. (en)
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| http://linked.open.../affectedOrganism
| - Humans and other mammals (en)
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| http://linked.open...casRegistryNumber
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/category
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