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| http://linked.open...gbank/description
| - Penbutolol is a drug in the beta-blocker class used to treat hypertension. Penbutolol binds both beta-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, rendering it a non-selective beta-blocker. Penbutolol can act as a partial agonist at beta adrenergic receptors, since it is a sympathomimetric drug. Penbutolol also demonstrates high binding affinity to the 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A with antagonistic effects. This binding characteristic of penbutolol is being investigated for its implications in Antidepressant Therapy. Penbutolol is contraindicated in patients with cardiogenic shock, sinus bradycardia, second and third degree atrioventricular conduction block, bronchial asthma, and those with known hypersensitivity. (en)
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| http://linked.open...y/drugbank/dosage
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| http://linked.open...generalReferences
| - # Maurer HH, Tenberken O, Kratzsch C, Weber AA, Peters FT: Screening for library-assisted identification and fully validated quantification of 22 beta-blockers in blood plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J Chromatogr A. 2004 Nov 26;1058(1-2):169-81. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15595665 # Aguirre C, Rodriguez-Sasiain JM, Calvo R: Decrease in penbutolol protein binding as a consequence of treatment with some alkylating agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;34(1):86-8. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8174208 # Hjorth S: (-)-Penbutolol as a blocker of central 5-HT1A receptor-mediated responses. Eur J Pharmacol. 1992 Nov 3;222(1):121-7. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1468487 # Pepe S, Scalici G, D'Angelo A, Curiale B, Corrao S, Agnello C: [Validity of the use of penbutolol in essential arterial hypertension]. Minerva Med. 1990 Jun;81(6):471-3. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2359502 # Frishman WH, Covey S: Penbutolol and carteolol: two new beta-adrenergic blockers with partial agonism. J Clin Pharmacol. 1990 May;30(5):412-21. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2189902 # Martinez Jorda R, Aguirre C, Calvo R, Rodriguez-Sasiain JM, Erill S: Decrease in penbutolol central response as a cause of changes in its serum protein binding. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990 Mar;42(3):164-6. "Pubmed":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1974610 (en)
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| http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/group
| - approved (en)
- investigational (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/halfLife
| - Plasma= approximately 5h Conjugated= approximately 20h in healthy persons, 25h in healthy elderly persons, and 100h in patients on renal dialysis. (en)
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/indication
| - Penbutolol is indicated in the treatment of mild to moderate arterial hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other antihypertensive agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics.Penbutolol is contraindicated in patients with cardiogenic shock, sinus bradycardia, second and third degree atrioventricular conduction block, bronchial asthma, and those with known hypersensitivity. (en)
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| sameAs
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| Title
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| adms:identifier
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| http://linked.open...mechanismOfAction
| - Penbutolol acts on the β1 adrenergic receptors in both the heart and the kidney. When β1 receptors are activated by catecholamines, they stimulate a coupled G protein that leads to the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The increase in cAMP leads to activation of protein kinase A (PKA), which alters the movement of calcium ions in heart muscle and increases the heart rate. Penbutolol blocks the catecholamine activation of β1 adrenergic receptors and decreases heart rate, which lowers blood pressure. (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/packager
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| http://linked.open...outeOfElimination
| - The metabolites are excreted principally in the urine. (en)
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| http://linked.open.../drugbank/synonym
| - Penbutolol (en)
- Levatol (en)
- HOE 893 (en)
- HOE 893D (en)
- Penbutololum (en)
- 1-(tert-Butylamino)-3-(o-cyclopentylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (en)
- (2S)-1-(tert-butylamino)-3-(2-cyclopentylphenoxy)propan-2-ol (en)
- 2-Propanol, 1-(2-cyclopentylphenoxy)-3-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)-, (S)- (en)
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/toxicity
| - Symptoms of overdose include drowsiness, vertigo, headache, and atriventricular block. (en)
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| http://linked.open...nk/proteinBinding
| - 80-98% bound to plasma proteins. Extensively bound to Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein 1. (en)
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/salt
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| foaf:page
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/IUPAC-Name
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| http://linked.open...gy/drugbank/InChI
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| http://linked.open...Molecular-Formula
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| http://linked.open.../Molecular-Weight
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| http://linked.open...noisotopic-Weight
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| http://linked.open...y/drugbank/SMILES
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| http://linked.open.../Water-Solubility
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/logP
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| http://linked.open...ogy/drugbank/logS
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| http://linked.open...l/drug/hasATCCode
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| http://linked.open...nd-Acceptor-Count
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| http://linked.open...-Bond-Donor-Count
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/InChIKey
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| http://linked.open...urface-Area--PSA-
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| http://linked.open...nk/Polarizability
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| http://linked.open...bank/Refractivity
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| http://linked.open...atable-Bond-Count
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| http://linked.open...ugbank/absorption
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| http://linked.open.../affectedOrganism
| - Humans and other mammals (en)
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| http://linked.open...casRegistryNumber
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| http://linked.open...drugbank/category
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| http://linked.open...rugbank/clearance
| - Approximately 90% of the metabolites are excreted in the urine. (en)
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| http://linked.open...gbank/containedIn
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| http://linked.open...k/Bioavailability
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| http://linked.open...ank/Boiling-Point
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| http://linked.open...bank/Ghose-Filter
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| http://linked.open...nk/MDDR-Like-Rule
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| http://linked.open...k/Number-of-Rings
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| http://linked.open...siological-Charge
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| http://linked.open...bank/Rule-of-Five
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| http://linked.open...tional-IUPAC-Name
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| http://linked.open...strongest-acidic-
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| http://linked.open...-strongest-basic-
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