. . . " "@en . . . . "* 0.17 L/h/kg [healthy] * 0.09 L/h/kg [patients with uncomplicated malaria] * 18.4 L/h [healthy adult subjects with administration of multiple-dose activated charcoal] * 11.8 L/h [healthy adult subjects without administration of multiple-dose activated charcoal] * Oral cl=0.06 L/h/kg [elderly subjects]"@en . "Quinine is eliminated primarily via hepatic biotransformation. Approximately 20% of quinine is excreted unchanged in urine."@en . . . "(R)-(6-Methoxyquinolin-4-yl)((2S,4S,8R)-8-vinylquinuclidin-2-yl)methanol"@en . "Humans and other mammals"@en . "Quinine"@en . . . "An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. It is used as an antimalarial drug, and is the active ingredient in extracts of the cinchona that have been used for that purpose since before 1633. Quinine is also a mild antipyretic and analgesic and has been used in common cold preparations for that purpose. It was used commonly and as a bitter and flavoring agent, and is still useful for the treatment of babesiosis. Quinine is also useful in some muscular disorders, especially nocturnal leg cramps and myotonia congenita, because of its direct effects on muscle membrane and sodium channels. The mechanisms of its antimalarial effects are not well understood. [PubChem]"@en . . "Chinine"@en . . . . . . . . "Approximately 70%"@en . . . . . . . . . . . "Quinine"@en . . . . . . " "@en . . . . "Tong Sun, Shawn Watson, Wei Lai, Stephan D. Parent, \"QUININE SULFATE/BISULFATE SOLID COMPLEX; METHODS OF MAKING; AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF.\" U.S. Patent US20090326005, issued December 31, 2009."@en . . . . . . . . . "Take with food to reduce irritation."@en . "* 1.43 \u00B1 0.18 L/kg [Healthy Pediatric Controls] * 0.87 \u00B1 0.12 L/kg [P. falciparum Malaria Pediatric Patients] * 2.5 to 7.1 L/kg [healthy subjects who received a single oral 600 mg dose]"@en . . "130-95-0"@en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "The theorized mechanism of action for quinine and related anti-malarial drugs is that these drugs are toxic to the malaria parasite. Specifically, the drugs interfere with the parasite's ability to break down and digest hemoglobin. Consequently, the parasite starves and/or builds up toxic levels of partially degraded hemoglobin in itself. "@en . . . . . "Quinine is a documented causative agent of drug induced thrombocytopenia (DIT). Thrombocytopenia is a low amount of platelets in the blood. Quinine induces production of antibodies against glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX complex in the majority of cases of DIT, or more rarely, the platelet-glycoprotein complex GPIIb-IIIa. Increased antibodies against these complexes increases platelet clearance, leading to the observed thrombocytopenia. "@en . . . "For the treatment of malaria and leg cramps"@en . . "# Paintaud G, Alvan G, Berninger E, Gustafsson LL, Idrizbegovic E, Karlsson KK, Wakelkamp M: The concentration-effect relationship of quinine-induced hearing impairment. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 Mar;55(3):317-23. \"Pubmed\":http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8143397"@en . . . . "Chinin"@en . . . . . "Chininum"@en . . . . . . "(R)-(-)-Quinine"@en . . "6'-Methoxycinchonidine"@en . "Approximately 18 hours"@en . "Quinina"@en . "76 - 88%"@en . "approved"@en . . . . . . . . . "(8S,9R)-Quinine"@en . "(-)-Quinine"@en .